Systematic Reviews
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Methodol. Dec 20, 2025; 15(4): 105478
Published online Dec 20, 2025. doi: 10.5662/wjm.v15.i4.105478
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of individual studies and study participants included in the meta-analysis
Ref.
Study design, trial reg. number (if any)
Major inclusion criteria
Groups
GLD used
n
Sex
Age (years), mean (SD)
Duration of diabetes mellitus (years), mean (SD)
Baseline body weight (kg), mean (SD)
Baseline HbA1c (%), mean (SD)
Study duration
Azar et al[17], 2016, LIRA-Ramadan, 39 sites in 7 countriesRandomized, parallel-group, open-label, active-controlled trial, NCT01917656Age 18-80 years, HbA1c 7%-10%, body mass index ≥ 20 kg/m2, on stable diabetes treatment (MFN ≥ 1 gm + SU MTD)GLP-1RALiraglutide 18 mg + MFN171M: 85, F: 8654.9 (9.27)8.0 (5.26)81.0 (17.1)8.3 (0.94)33 weeks
Non- GLP-1RASU MTD + MFN170M: 83, F: 8754.0 (9.33)7.2 (4.39)83.1 (16.0)8.2 (0.91)
Hassanein et al[18], 2019, LixiRam, 16 sites in 5 countriesPhase 4, randomized, open-label, parallel-group, clinical trial, NCT02941367Uncontrolled diabetes on SU + basal insulin ± one OADGLP-1RALixisenatide 20 μgm + basal insulin + MFN92M: 40, F: 5252.6 (9.5)7.1 (4.8)76.0 (14.6)8.7 (0.7)12-20 weeks
Non-GLP-1RASU + basal insulin + MFN92M: 43, F: 4954.1 (10.6)7.4 (5.4)75.0 (11.6)8.5 (0.7)
Pathan et al[19], 2024, Pathan 2024, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, BangladeshOpen-label, single-center, two-arm parallel-group, prospective observational studyAge > 18 years, on stable GLDs for the last 3 months before enrolmentGLP-1RASemaglutide 0.5 mg ± OADs/insulin55M: 19, F: 3649.05 (9.8)7.34 (5.8)N/A7.43 (1.43)24 weeks
Non-GLP-1RAOADs ± insulin, no semaglutide75M: 26, F: 4953.04 (10.9)12.37 (6.9)N/A8.10 (1.56)
Brady et al[20], 2014, Treat 4 Ramadan, 2 sites in United KingdomRandomized, parallel-group, open-label, active-controlled trialAge ≥ 18 years, on stable dose of MFN or MFN + SU/Pioglitazone, HbA1c 6.5%-12%GLP-1RALiraglutide 12 mg + MFN52M: 26, F: 2652.2 (10.7)N/A79.0 (11.2)7.8 (1.0)16 weeks
Non-GLP-1RAMFN + SU47M: 24, F: 2351.5 (11.1)N/A86.1 (16.9)7.6 (1.1)