Challenges and solutions in the treatment of spinal disorders in patients with skeletal dysplasia: A comprehensive review

Table 1 Spinal disorders associated with skeletal dysplasia

Group/name of disorder	Inheritance	Gene	Case-control studies	Cohort studies	Hydroxy	Choline kinase	Atlantoaxial instability	Basilar invagination	Chronic viral B-hepatitis	Thoracolumbar kyphosis	Scoliosis	Lumbar canal stenosis
Achondroplasia	AD	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3	+++			+				+++		+++
Hypochondroplasia											++	+++
Thanatophoric dysplasia			+++	+++						+++
Diastrophic dysplasia	AR	Solute carrier 26A		++	+++	+++			+++	++	++
Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita	AD/AR	Collagen type alpha 1 chain			+++		+++	+++
Kneist syndrome	AD			+		+	++	+		++	++
Pseudoachondroplasia	AD	Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein			+++		+++				++	+
Metatrophic dysplasia	AD	Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4		+	+
Campomelic dysplasia	AD	Sex determining region Y (SRY)-box 9		++	++					++	++
MPS I	AR	Iduronidase	++	++	++		++			+++		+
MPS IV		Galactosamine-6-sulfate	+++	+	+++		+++			++	++
MPS VI		Arysulfatase B	++	+	++		++			++

AD: Autosomal dominant; AR: Autosomal recessive; MPS: Mucopolysaccharidoses; +: Case report; ++: Common; +++: Ubiquitous.