Diagnostic methods for managing dry eyes

Table 2 Diagnostic methods for dry eye curated from sampled records

Method	Ref.	Sample size	Diagnostic rubric
American-European consensus group classification criteria	Lee et al[48]	187 serum samples of age matched females	Authors suggest peptides treated with malondialdehyde increase the formation of autoantibodies, suggesting that they have diagnostic utility for primary Sjögren's Syndrome
Existing data analyses	Acar-Denizli et al[49]	12084 patients with ESSDAI scores	Combination patterns of two antibodies-anti-Ro/SSA and anti La/SSB was used to define Sjogrens syndrome
Machine learning algorithm using routine healthcare data	Dros et al[50]	1411 primary Sjögren's Syndrome patients and 929179 non-primary Sjögren's Syndrome patients	The task entailed employing logistic regression and random forest models for the purpose of categorizing patients. The models used characteristics such as age, gender, medical conditions, symptoms, medication prescriptions, and visits to general practitioners
Diagnostic criteria by Japanese research committee on severe cutaneous adverse reaction	Sotozono et al[51]	94 Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis patients with severe ocular complications	The diagnostic criteria for ocular involvement in instances of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis include particular ocular abnormalities, such as the creation of pseudo-membranes and defects in the epithelium. These symptoms are regarded to be high-risk indicators for ocular complications
DryEyeRhythm mobile app	Inomata et al[52]	4454 individuals	The diagnostic rubric involved assessing subjective symptoms reported by the participants via the DryEyeRhythm app. The DryEyeRhythm is a mobile application that facilitates real-time monitoring of DED symptoms, allowing for remote symptom tracking and prompt intervention
Ultrasonographic techniques (grayscale and color Doppler sonography) and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography	Xu et al[53]	161 patients with primary Sjögren's Syndrome and 66 non primary Sjögren's Syndrome patients	The diagnostic approach entailed assessing the ultrasonographic characteristics of the parotid and submandibular glands. Ultrasonographic methods, encompasses grayscale and Doppler imaging, to evaluate lacrimal gland structure and vascularity in patients with DED

DED: Dry eye disease; ESSDAI: European league against rheumatism Sjogren's syndrome disease activity index.