COVID-19 neuropsychiatric repercussions: Current evidence on the subject

Table 1 Main hypotheses, mechanisms related to development of the neurological manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 and prevalence/incidence of these repercussions

Neurological repercussion	Hypotheses/mechanisms related to their development	Prevalence/incidence of manifestation
Headache	Complications of the viral infection, the host immune response, the presence of severe installed disease or even the drug therapy used[41,45]	The headache prevalence varies from 8%[56] to 25%[38] and 70.3%[40], according to the study
Dizziness	The direct injury by binding to the ACE2, or even by hypoxia and coagulation disorders may be related[45]	For dizziness, the prevalence is estimated to be around 8%[42] to 9%[5]
OD	Conductive loss due to edema in the olfactory cleft, injury to the respiratory epithelium or lesion in the olfactory bulb[61,62]	About 47% of individuals had a self-reported loss of smell. More frequent in women and young patients[59,60]
GD	Local inflammatory reactions and the relationship with cranial nerves VII, IX, and X[66]	About 43.93% of the patients[64]. More prevalent in young and female patients[65]
Disturbances of consciousness	Post-inflammatory state, meningoencephalitis, or may just be a sequela after a traumatic event[48]	A range of 3.3% to 19.6% in COVID-19 patients[48,49]
Acute cerebrovascular disease	Intracerebral hemorrhage can be caused by viral interaction with ACE2 receptors and ischemic stroke is related to late complications in the disease severity[50]	The incidence of ischemic stroke in patients with COVID-19 was reported to be between 0.9%[76] and 4.6%[77]
GBS	There are hypotheses that relate the development of GBS to the cytokine storm and autoimmune mechanisms by cross-reaction[74,75]	A study suggested an up to 2.6-fold increase in the baseline GBS case rate, from 0.93/100000/yr to 2.43/100000/yr

ACE2: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; GBS: Guillain-Barré syndrome; GD: Gustatory dysfunction; OD: Olfactory dysfunction.