Neuropsychiatric effects and safety of Salvia species: A critical narrative review of preclinical and clinical evidence

Table 2 Clinical trials conducted on the effect of Salvia species or their active ingredients on patients presented with psychiatric-related illnesses

Ref.	Study	Sample size	Salvia species active ingredients	Psychiatric illness	Primary outcomes	Results
Wang et al[100], 2023	Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study	100 patients vs 100 healthy subjects	Guanxin Danshen Dripping Pills (0.4 g thrice daily for 12 weeks)	Anxiety and depression + coronary heart disease	Generalized Anxiety Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9	Significant improvement
Wu et al[160], 2024	The ADECODE-Real World Study: Cohort clinical observational study	1428 patients	Guanxin Danshen Dripping Pills (0.4 g thrice daily for 12 weeks)	Anxiety and depression + coronary heart disease	Clinical signs and symptoms	Significant improvement
					Generalized Anxiety Scale
					Patient Health Questionnaire-9
Azizi et al[161], 2022	A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial	44 patients	Hard gelatin capsule containing rosmarinic acid (21.13 ± 0.56 mg/g crude Salvia rosemarinus) once daily for eight weeks	Major depressive disorder	Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Beck Depression Inventory	Improvement
Akhondzadeh et al[162], 2003	Placebo-controlled clinical trial	42 patients	Fixed dose (60 drops/day) crude Salvia officinalis extract	Cognitive function	Cognitive subscale of Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale Clinical Dementia Rating	Improvement
Karam et al[51], 2019	Cross-sectional study	47 patients	Drug users screening between Salvia users and non-salvia users	Illicit drug users	Hallucinogen Rating Scale	No significant difference