Therapeutic peptides in inflammatory bowel disease: From mechanistic rationale to clinical translation

Figure 1 Translational considerations for therapeutic peptides in inflammatory bowel disease. This is a conceptual framework devised based on the findings from this narrative review. The figure summarises important barriers including pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic limitations, disease and patient heterogeneity, limited efficacy and long-term safety data, manufacturing complexity and regulatory concerns. Addressing these factors is essential to allow effective and safe translation of peptide-based therapies into the management of inflammatory bowel disease. IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; CD: Crohn’s disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis. This figure was created by BioRender.com (Supplementary material).