Therapeutic peptides in inflammatory bowel disease: From mechanistic rationale to clinical translation

Table 3 Clinical trials of peptide-based therapies in inflammatory bowel disease

Agent	Mechanism	Phase and design	Population	Primary endpoint	Status
Icotrokinra	Oral interleukin-23 receptor antagonist	Phase 2b randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging (ANTHEM-UC)	Moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis	Clinical response at week 12	Completed; reported in conference abstract form
Icotrokinra	Oral interleukin-23 receptor antagonist	Phase 3 programme	Moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis	Not yet reported	Ongoing; recruiting
K(D)PT	Tripeptide derivative of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone	Phase 2a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled	Mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis	Time to sustained clinical remission (colitis activity index 3 or less)	Completed; no confirmatory trial reported
Casein glycomacropeptide	Bovine milk-derived immunomodulatory peptide	Randomized open-label pilot study	Active distal ulcerative colitis	Change in simple clinical colitis activity index and endoscopic activity	Completed
Teduglutide	Glucagon-like peptide-2 analogue	Phase 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging	Moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease	Remission or response by Crohn’s disease activity index at week 8	Completed; not progressed for this indication
Epidermal growth factor enema	Growth-factor peptide promoting epithelial restitution	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled	Mild-to-moderate left-sided ulcerative colitis	Clinical and endoscopic remission	Completed
Trefoil factor 3 enema	Trefoil peptide supporting mucosal repair	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled	Mild-to-moderate left-sided ulcerative colitis	Clinical improvement	Terminated for lack of efficacy