Therapeutic peptides in inflammatory bowel disease: From mechanistic rationale to clinical translation

Table 2 Comparison between therapeutic peptides, small molecules and biologics

	Therapeutic peptides	Small molecule drugs	Biologics
Advantages	High affinity binding	High oral bioavailability	High affinity binding
	High specificity	High membrane permeability	High specificity
	Modulate protein-protein interactions without well-defined binding pocket	High gastric stability	Minimal off-target effects
	Wide range of targets	Lower manufacturing costs
	Predictable degradation products	Low immunogenicity
	Minimal off-target toxicities
	Low immunogenicity
Weaknesses	Low oral bioavailability	Risk of off-target effects	Requires parenteral administration
		Require a well-defined binding pocket
	Short half-life & rapid serum clearance		High immunogenicity-risk of anti-drug antibody formation
	Low membrane permeability		Low membrane permeability
	Low gastric stability		High manufacturing costs