Artificial intelligence for fluoroscopic cholangiogram interpretation during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Figure 1 Artificial intelligence-assisted workflow for fluoroscopic cholangiogram interpretation during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Fluoroscopic images undergo quality control, segmentation, and feature extraction before task-specific diagnostic, procedural, or predictive output. A clinical safety gate applies confidence thresholds, out-of-distribution alerts, fail-safe abstention, audit logging, and immediate physician override. The endoscopist retains final interpretive and therapeutic authority and integrates the output with endoscopic, endosonographic, clinical, and procedural information. This original schematic was created specifically for this manuscript and contains no patient material or re-used third-party content. AI: Artificial intelligence; ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.