Arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus

Table 2 Association between cardio-ankle vascular index and prognosis in populations with a high prevalence of diabetes

Ref.	Population	Diabetes proportion	Outcome assessed	Follow-up duration	Summary
Bäck et al[22]	Outpatient clinics for prevention, check-up, and/or monitoring of CV risk factors	23%-24% DM	CV morbidity and mortality	3.82 years (median)	The optimal CAVI thresholds for predicting outcomes differed among age groups, with thresholds of 9.25 for CV morbidity and mortality and 9.95 for all-cause mortality in subjects aged ≥ 60 years
Suwannasom et al[47]	Patients with diabetes, aged 40-69 years	100% DM	All-cause death and CV events	59.9 months (median)	CAVI, whether analyzed as a continuous variable or by risk group, did not predict the primary outcomes
Miyoshi et al[19]	Patients with CV risk	≥ 72% DM	CV death and CV events	4.9 years (median)	A CAVI > 9.5 was significantly associated with higher risks of cardiovascular death and nonfatal stroke (crude HR = 3.83, 95%CI: 1.28-11.40; crude HR = 2.07, 95%CI: 1.07-3.91)
Kario et al[20]	Patients with CV risk	32.4% DM	CV death and CV events	5.0 years (median)	The group with CAVI > 10.0 had the highest risk of a cardiovascular event (HR = 1.74, 95%CI: 1.08-2.81)

CV: Cardiovascular; DM: Diabetes mellitus; CAVI: Cardio-ankle vascular index; HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval.