Arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Association between pulse wave velocity and prognosis in populations with a high prevalence of diabetes

Ref.	Population	Diabetes proportion	Outcomes assessed	Follow-up duration	Summary
Aortic PWV
Cruickshank et al[29]	Diabetes and glucose intolerance	DM and control	All-cause and cardiovascular mortality	10.7 years	PWV independently predicted all-cause and cardiovascular mortality (HR = 1.08, 95%CI: 1.03-1.14 per 1 m/second increase)
Cardoso et al[30]	High-risk type 2 diabetes	100% T2DM	Major adverse cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality	5.75 years (median)	PWV was a predictor of total cardiovascular events, with a 13% excess risk per 1 m/second increase in a PWV (32% excess risk for a 1-SD increment) and a nearly twofold higher risk among patients with aortic stiffness ≥ 10 m/second)
Levisianou et al[31]	T2DM after STEMI	100% T2DM	Recurrent cardiovascular events	Approximately 3 years	A cf-PWV cutoff of 12 m/second was associated with higher risk of recurrent cardiovascular events
baPWV
Katakami et al[33]	T2DM without cardiovascular events	100% T2DM	Cardiovascular events	7.5 years (median)	baPWV (HR = 1.30, 95%CI: 1.07-1.57) was an independent predictor for cardiovascular events
Kim et al[34]	T2DM and without documented cardiovascular disease and stroke	100% T2DM	Composite cardiovascular events	3.84 years (median)	Higher baPWV (≥ 1672 cm/second) was associated with composite events
Lin et al[35]	T2DM	100% T2DM	All-cause and expanded CVD mortality	8.4 years (mean)	Highest baPWV quartile (2070 cm/second) was independently associated with all-cause (HR = 1.63, 95%CI: 1.16-2.27) and expanded CVD mortality (HR = 1.75, 95%CI: 1.09-2.83)
Wu et al[36]	DM without a history of HF or valvular or congenital heart disease	100% DM	Onset of heart failure	4.19 years (median)	The risk of heart failure was 2.25-fold higher in the elevated-baPWV group (> 18 m/second) than in the normal-baPWV group (95%CI: 1.24-4.11)

PWV: Pulse wave velocity; DM: Diabetes mellitus; HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; cf-PWV: Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; baPWV: Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; CVD: Cardiovascular disease.