Tumor organoids in translational cancer research: Models for personalized therapy

Table 3 limitations and challenges associated with tumor organoid models

Limitation	Impact on organoid research	Potential solutions
Genetic and epigenetic instability	Affects long-term fidelity of organoid models	Develop protocols for standardization and stability
Lack of tumor microenvironment elements	Limits accurate modeling of immune responses and drug delivery	Incorporate immune cells and vascularization
Use of animal-derived matrices	Ethical concerns and variability in results	Develop animal-free matrices and standardized protocols