Hypertonicity: Clinical entities, manifestations and treatment

Table 2 Clinical states causing hypernatremia from inadequate water intake

Lack of water sources

Subject lost in desert

Inability of patient to drink water or ask for it

Tracheal intubation and sedation

Dementia

Delirium

Paranoia

Severe depression

Adipsia or hypodipsia caused by central nervous system disorder compromising the neural pathways of thirst

Granulomas, e.g., sarcoidosis

Tumors, e.g., craniopharyngioma, seminoma, lymphoma, astrocytoma

Degenerative processes, e.g., Parkinson’s disease

Congenital syndromes, e.g., ectodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia- cleftlip-palate syndrome

Diabetes insipidus (a fraction of the patients)