Stop chronic kidney disease progression: Time is approaching

Table 2 Novel therapeutic interventions

Therapeutic modality	Mechanism of action	Primary end points	Ref.
Chemokine ligand and receptor antagonists
CCR1 antagonists	Block CCR1 receptors on leucocyte surface	Leuc. Inf.↓, IF↓, TI↓, and improved KFTs	[146]
Emapticap pegol	Binds and neutralizes MCP-1	UAE↓, glycemic control in phase IV D.N.	[5,152,153]
CCX140	Block CCR2	UAE↓, glycemic control in phase IV D.N.	[6,154]
Pentoxifylline	Anti-inflammatory	UAE↓, eGFR loss↓	[156,157]
VDRA
Paricalcitol	Improves G.M. sieving, antifibrotic	UAE↓, eGFR loss↓	[160-162]
IAP
Mediterranean diet	Restores intestinal microbiota, IAP↑	eGFR loss↓	[184]
Bound phosphorus	IAP↑		[186]
Vitamin K	IAP↑		[188]
S.O.D. mimetic
Tempol	Oxidative stress↓	UAE↓, GS↓, TID↓	[189]
SRA
Sarpogrelate	Antiplatelet	UAE↓	[192]
V2RA
Tolvaptan	V2 receptor blocker	No. of cysts↓, growth of cysts↓	[19]
IgG anti-SAP antibodies	Binds SAP within amyloid tissue	Clearance of tissue amyloid deposits	[20]
RG-012	Inhibitor of miR-21	GS↓, IF↓, TI↓, Infl.↓	[22]

Leuc. Inf.: Leucocyte infiltration; IF: Interstitial fibrosis; TI: Tubular injury; KFTs: Kidney function tests; UAE: Urine albumin excretion; D.N.: Diabetic nephropathy; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; VDRA: Vitamin D receptor agonists; G.M.: Glomerular membrane; IAP: Intestinal alkaline phosphatase; S.O.D.: Superoxide dismutase; GS: Glomerulosclerosis; TID: Tubulointerstitial disease; SRA: Serotonin receptor antagonist; V2RA: Vasopressin receptor antagonist; SAP: Serum amyloid protein; miR: Micro RNA; infl.: Inflamation.