Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management of chronic kidney disease in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients

Table 3 Traditional and human immunodeficiency virus-related factors associated with chronic kidney disease

Variables	Ref.
Black race	[34,35]
Older age	[9-12,22-26]
Low CD4 cell count	[10,11,23-25]
High HIV-RNA viral load	[10,11,23-25]
Diabetes mellitus	[9-12,22-26]
Hypertension	[9-12,22-26]
Hepatitis C virus coinfection	[11,25,31,37]
Proteinuria	[3,27,28,30]
Albuminuria	[3,29,55]
eGFR < 90 mL/min per 1.73 m2	[10,12,23-25]
Elevation of urinary tubular markers	[56-64]
Use of TDF or ATV	[40-52]

eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; TDF: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; ATV: Atazanavir.