Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management of chronic kidney disease in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients

Table 2 Glomerular or tubular diseases in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients

Diseases	Clinical characteristics
HIV-specific glomerular disease
HIVAN	Detectable viral load, a high amount of proteinuria, albuminuria, RPGN
HIVIC	Proteinuria and/or hematuria, variable manifestation including AKI
TMA	AKI, proteinuria, hematuria with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia
HIV-non-specific glomerular disease
HCV-related MPGN/cryoglobulinemia	Proteinuria and/or hematuria, nephritic syndrome, a decrease in serum complements
Diabetec nephropathy	Proteinuria (microalbuminuria to nephrotic syndrome), a decrease in GFR
Glomerular sclerosis	Older patients, hypertension, no or low amount of proteinuria, coexistence of atherosclerotic diseases
Membranous glomerulopathy	Nephrotic syndrome; idiopathic and secondary causes associated with HBV or cancers
Minimal change disease	Nephrotic syndrome, use of NSAIDs
IgA nephropathy	Hematuria and/or proteinuria with or without renal failure
Post-infectious glomerulonephritis	Hematuria and/or proteinuria with or without renal failure
ART-associated tubular injury
Acute tubular necrosis	Use of TDF
Cristal nephropathy	Use of IDV and ATV
Acute or chronic interstitial nephritis	Use of ATV

HIVAN: HIV-associated nephropathy; HIVIC: HIV-associated immune complex kidney disease; TMA: Thrombotic microangiopathy; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; AKI: Acute kidney injury; GFR: Glomerular filtration rate; NSAID: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; ART: Antiretroviral therapy; TDF: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; IDV: Indinavir; ATV: Atazanavir.