Proton pump inhibitors and adverse effects in kidney transplant recipients: A meta-analysis

Table 4 Hypomagnesemia

Ref.	Serum / Plasma magnesium level			Hypomagnesemia					Magnesium supplemen-tation
	PPI	No PPI	P	Definition of hypomagne-semia	PPI	No PPI	P	Correlation between PPI and hypomagne-semia
Sezer et al[35]	1.5 ± 0.04 mg/dl	1.7 ± 0.02 mg/dl	P < 0.05	NR	NR	NR		NR	NR
Shabaka et al[36]	NR	NR		NR	OR 1.55, (95%CI 1.09-2.20)	1		NR	NR
Kipp et al[39]	NR	NR		NR	215 (53.1%)	185 (44.6%)	P < 0.013	NR	NR
Alhosaini et al[34]	1.70 ± 0.12	1.79 ± 0.17	0.006	Serum Mg < 1.8 mg/dL	33/43	24/40	P > 0.05	NR	Use of Mg supplement: PPI 47% vs Non-PPI 21% (P = 0.02)
				Serum Mg < 1.3 mg/dL	9/43 (21%)	2/40 (5%)	P = 0.03
Uludag et al[37]	0.728 mmol/L	vs 0.755 mmol/L,	P = 0.061	NR	NR	NR		NR	NR
Van Ende et al[33]	NR	NR		Serum Mg < 1.7 mg/dL	β: −0.84 (0.26; 2.71), P = 0.78			β: −0.84 (0.26; 2.71), P = 0.78	NR
Douwes et al[40]	NR	NR		Serum Mg < 1.8 mg/dL (0.75 mmol/L)	HR 3.25 (1.26-8.39)	1		β: -0.08, P = 0.046	Mean Mg intake: 330 ± 85 mg/d, (P = 0.204)
Gomes-Neto et al[38]	NR	NR		NR	β: -0.05, P = 0.04	NR		β: -0.05, P = 0.04	NR

¹Data expressed as mean ± SD; ²Data expressed as Median (Range); NR: Not reported; NS: Not significant; PPI: Proton pump inhibitors; Mg: Magnesium.