Primary graft dysfunction following lung transplantation: From pathogenesis to future frontiers

Table 6 List of biomarkers that have been used in primary graft dysfunction

Biomarker	Donor/recipient	Timing	Type
RAGE[179]	Donor	Retrieval	Alveolar epithelium
	Recipient	Intraoperative, post-transplant
PAI-1[175]	Recipient	Post-transplant	Vascular endothelium
Protein C[179]	Recipient	Post-transplant	Vascular endothelium
IL-8[176]	Donor	EVLP	Inflammatory marker
	Recipient	Pre-transplant
		Post-transplant
ET-1[171]	Donor	EVLP	Inflammatory marker
ICAM-1[27]	Recipient	Post-transplant	Vascular endothelium
IL-6[135]	Recipient	Pre-transplant	Inflammatory marker
		Post-transplant
IL-10[135]	Recipient	Pre-transplant	Inflammatory marker
		Post-transplant
proADM[178]	Recipient	Post-transplant	Vascular endothelium
TNF-α[139]	Recipient	Post-transplant	Inflammatory marker
P-selectin[26]	Recipient	Post-transplant	Vascular endothelium
SP-D[179]	Recipient	Post-transplant	Alveolar epithelium

EVLP: Ex-vivo lung perfusion; proADM: Proadrenomedullin; RAGE: Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts; PAI-1: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; ET-1: Endothelin-1; ICAM-1: Intercellular adhesion molecule-1; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; SP-D: Surfactant protein-D.