Vulnerable brain regions in adolescent major depressive disorder: A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis

Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies

Ref.		Sample size		Age (mean ± SD)		Field strength	Method	Differential brain region	Coordinate	Quality
		Adolescent MDD	HC	Patients	HC
1	Jiao et al[8], 2011	18	18	15.78 ± 1.20	16.20 ± 0.90	3.0T	ALFF	9	MNI	4/1/1
2	Gong et al[9], 2014	15	16	15.00 ± 2.00	15.00 ± 2.00	3.0T	ALFF	10	MNI	4/1/1
3	Jiang et al[10], 2016	19	24	15.58 ± 1.47	15.71 ± 1.55	3.0T	ReHo	2	MNI	4/1/1
4	Zhu et al[11], 2016	27	28	21.67 ± 3.39	21.33 ± 2.4	3.0T	ALFF	2	MNI	4/1/1
5	Hu et al[12], 2019	76	44	20.40 ± 3.50	20.30 ± 2.10	3.0T	ALFF	3	MNI	4/1/1
6	Mao et al[13], 2020	24	23	17.31 ± 1.34	18.21 ± 1.29	3.0T	ReHo	5	MNI	4/1/1
7	Kang et al[14], 2020	30	28	15.00 ± 1.66	15.18 ± 2.04	3.0T	ALFF	1	MNI	4/1/1
8	Yang et al[15], 2021	39	39	≤ 21	≤ 21	N/A	fALFF	3	MNI	4/1/1
9	Zhang et al[16], 2023	50	39	15.80 ± 1.43	15.82 ± 1.89	3.0T	ALFF	1	MNI	4/1/1
10	Zhou et al[17], 2023	71	54	13.97 ± 1.51	14.17 ± 1.48	3.0T	ALFF	2	MNI	4/1/1

MDD: Major depressive disorder; HC: Healthy control; ALFF: Amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations; ReHo: Regional homogeneity; fALFF: Fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations; MNI: Montreal Neurological Institute; N/A: Not available.

Table 2 Activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis results of regions of decreased brain activity in adolescents with major depressive disorder compared to healthy controls

Research methods	Anatomical label BA	Peak MNI coordinate			ALE value	Cluster	Volume (mm3)
		X	Y	Z
ReHo and ALFF/fALFF decrease	Right cuneus BA 7	4	-66	40	0.011956828	1	648
	Left precuneus BA 7	-2	-66	40	0.0098253535	1	648
ALFF decrease	Right cuneus BA 7	4	-66	40	0.011956828	1	736
	Left precuneus BA 7	-2	-66	40	0.0098253535	1	736

ALFF: Amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations; ReHo: Regional homogeneity; fALFF: Fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations; MNI: Montreal Neurological Institute; ALE: Activation likelihood estimation; BA: Brodmann area.

Table 3 Jackknife sensitivity analyses

Discarded article	Adolescent MDD < HC
	CUN_R	PCUN_L
Jiao et al[8], 2011	Yes	Yes
Gong et al[9], 2014	Yes	Yes
Zhu et al[11], 2016	No	No
Hu et al[12], 2019	Yes	Yes
Mao et al[13], 2020	Yes	Yes
Yang et al[15], 2021	Yes	Yes
Zhou et al[17], 2023	No	No
Total	5 out of 7	5 out of 7

MDD: Major depressive disorder; HC: Healthy control; CUN: Cuneus; PCUN: Precuneus; R: Right; L: Left.