Effects of technology-enhanced physical activity on brain and mental health in youth: An umbrella review of meta-analyses

Table 1 Population, intervention, comparator, outcomes, and study design criteria

	Criteria	Description
Population	Does the review involve children or adolescents (≤ 18 years)	Included: Children and adolescents aged 0–18 years from both clinical and general populations. Excluded: Adults (> 18 years); animal or in vitro studies; populations not reporting age-specific outcomes for youth; individuals in institutionalized or inpatient settings (unless specifically specifically targeting mental or cognitive outcomes)
Intervention	Does the review involve technology-enhanced physical activity interventions	Included: Interventions that incorporate PA enhanced by technology (e.g., virtual reality-based exercise, mobile health applications, gamified programs, internet-based platforms, wearable-integrated training, or multicomponent digital PA modules). Excluded: Conventional PA interventions without a technological component; sedentary behavior interventions without PA emphasis
Comparator	Does the review include a control or comparator condition	Included: Wait-list, usual care, no intervention, or traditional non-digital PA programs. Excluded: Reviews without any comparator condition reported
Outcomes	Does the review report on brain or MH outcomes	Included: Cognitive function (e.g., memory, attention, executive function). Psychological wellbeing (e.g., anxiety, depression, emotional regulation, self-esteem). Excluded: Non-MH-related outcomes only (e.g., musculoskeletal fitness, nutrition-only outcomes, motor coordination in isolation)
Study design	Is the review secondary research	Included: Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, umbrella reviews, or overview of reviews. Excluded: Primary research (e.g., randomized controlled trials, observational studies). Non-systematic narrative reviews or protocols without results

MH: Mental health; PA: Physical activity.