Exosomal microRNAs in common mental disorders: Mechanisms, biomarker potential and therapeutic implications

Figure 3 The exosomal microRNAs signaling pathways of mental disorders. Including toll-like receptor 4, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B, Ras/GSK-3β signaling pathways. miRNA: MicroRNA; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4; TRIF: Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-β; TRAM: Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor molecule; TIRAP: Toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain-containing adapter protein; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Akt: Protein kinase B; MEK: Mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase; ERK: Extracellular regulated protein kinases; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; MAP: Microtubule-associated protein; NF-kB: Nuclear factor kappa-B.