Startle response and its prepulse modification in health and under different psychopathologies: Could we find any specific patterns?

Table 5 Summary of studies on prepulse inhibition and prepulse facilitation of the startle response in the cohorts of participants with Tourette syndrome, mean ± SD

Ref.	Groups (group size)	Mean age	Side of recording	Lead interval, ms	PPI	PPF
Castellanos et al[52]	ADHD (7)/ADHD + TS (7)/Contr (14)	11.4 ± 1.7	Left and right	30, 60, 120, 250 (tactile pulse and prepulse)	ADHD + TS < Contr ADHD + TS < ADHD across all LI	NA
Swerdlow et al[53]	TS (10)/Contr (14)	9-17 (range)	Left and right	120 (tactile pulse and prepulse)	TS < Contr	NA
Schleyken et al[97]	Treatment refractory TS (6)/Contr (21)	20-64 (range)	Right	60, 120, 200 (80 dB)	No difference	NA
Buse et al[99]	TS (22)/Contr (22)	13.5 ± 1.62	Left	140 (tactile pulse and prepulse)	TS < Contr	NA
Zebardast et al[100]	TS (17)/Contr (16)	30.4 ± 8.9	Left	100 (tactile pulse and prepulse)	No difference	NA

PPI: Prepulse inhibition; PPF: Prepulse facilitation; Contr: Healthy control; NA: Not applicable; TS: Tourette syndrome; ADHD: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.