Startle response and its prepulse modification in health and under different psychopathologies: Could we find any specific patterns?

Table 3 Summary of studies on prepulse inhibition and prepulse facilitation of the startle response in cohorts of participants with trauma- and anxiety-related disorders, mean ± SD

Ref.	Groups (group size)	Mean age	Side of recording	Lead interval, ms	PPI	PPF
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Grillon et al[76]	Unmedicated PTSD veterans (21)/non PTSD veterans) (11)/non-PTSD civilians (17)	41.3 ± 5.0	Left	120	PTSD < non-PTSD civilians	NA
Grillon et al[77]	Unmedicated PTSD veterans (34)/non PTSD veterans) (17)/non-PTSD civilians (14)	44.1 ± 3.8	Left	120	PTSD < non-PTSD civilians	NA
Grillon et al[78]	Unmedicated PTSD veterans (21)/non PTSD veterans (15)/non-PTSD civilians (22)	47.6 ± 3.6	Left	120	PTSD < non-PTSD civilians	NA
Butler et al[79]	No data on medication PTSD veterans (20)/non PTSD veterans (18)	40.9 ± 4.4	Right	120	No difference	NA
Ornitz et al[80]	Unmedicated PTSD children (6)/control children (6)	8-13 (range)	Left	120, 250, 800, 2000	PTSD < control (at LI 120)	PTSD > control
Lipschitz et al[81]	PTSD girls (28)/control girls (23)	16.5 ± 2.2	Left	120, 2000	No difference	No difference
Holstein et al[82]	PTSD patients (27)/control (24)	38.6 ± 2.8	Right	60, 120, 2000	No difference	No difference
Pineles et al[83]	PTSD women (22)/trauma control women (25)	31.98 (9.7)	Left	120	PTSD < control	NA
Meteran et al[84]	Refugees with PTSD (25)/refugees without PTSD (20)	45.8 ± 7.3	Right	60, 120	No difference	NA
Acheson et al[85]	Combatants with PTSD (46)/combatants without PTSD (1182)	22.7 ± 1.6	Left	30, 60, 120	PTSD < combatants without PTSD, at LI 30 ms and 60 ms	NA
Echiverri-Cohen et al[86]	PTSD (28)/trauma without PTSD (27)/control (19)	32.3 ± 5.8	Left	30, 60, 120	PTSD < trauma without PTSD and control at LI 30 ms and 60 ms	NA
Panic disorders
Ludewig et al[87]	Panic disorder (20)/control (21)	31.5 ± 10.0	Right	30, 60, 120, 240 2000	Panic disorder < control at LI 30, 60, 120, 240 ms	No difference
Ludewig et al[88]	Panic disorder unmedicated (14)/panic disorder medicated (24)/control (28)	35 ± 8.1	Right	30, 60, 120, 240 2000	Panic disorder < control at LI 30, 60, 120, 240 ms	No difference
Larsen et al[89]	Panic disorder (12)/social phobia (22)/control (15)	33.6 ± 9.2	Right	100	No difference	NA
Storozheva et al[50]	General anxiety disorder + panic disorder (69)/control (50)	31.8 ± 0.9	Left and right	60, 120 2500	No difference	Patients < control
Anxiety traits
Duley et al[49]	High anxiety trait (15)/low (23) anxiety trait	21.2 ± 0.24	Left and right	30, 60, 120	High < low at 30, 60, 120 ms averaged from both eyes	NA
De Pascalis et al[90]	High anxiety trait (15)/low (23) anxiety trait	24.6 ± 3.8	Left	30, 60, 120	No difference (higher amplitude in high anxiety group)	NA
McMillan et al[91]	High (25)/low (25) anxiety sensitivity trait	22.8 ± 3.1	Left	120	High < low	NA
Nocturnal enuresis
Ornitz et al[92]	ADHD children (30)/NE children (13)/NE + ADHD children (17)/control children (42)	6-11 (range)	Left	60, 120, 4000 (control)	NE < non NE + ADHD, NE + ADHD < control (at LI 120 ms)	No difference

NA: Not applicable; PPI: Prepulse inhibition; PPF: Prepulse facilitation; PTSD: Post-traumatic stress disorder; ADHD: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; NE: Nocturnal enuresis.