Startle response and its prepulse modification in health and under different psychopathologies: Could we find any specific patterns?

Table 2 Summary of studies on prepulse inhibition and prepulse facilitation of the startle response in the cohorts of participants with mood disorders, mean ± SD

Ref.	Groups (group size)	Mean age	Side of recording	Lead interval, ms	PPI	PPF
Matsuo et al[63]	Non-manic BD (63 depressed + 43 euthymic)/ Contr (232)	39.4 ± 8.3	Left	60, 120	BD depressed; Men < Contr at LI 120 ms	NA
Perry et al[64]	Psychotic BD (15)/Sch (16), Contr (17)	34.4 ± 9.7	Right	30, 60, 120	Sch < Contr; BD < Contr at LI 60 ms and 120 ms	NA
Perry et al[65]	MDD (15)/Contr (17)	34.1 ± 8.3	Right	30, 60, 120	No difference	NA
Quednow et al[66]	MDD (20), Contr (18)	35.4 ± 8.3	Right	150	No difference	NA
Barrett et al[67]	Euthymic BD (23)/Contr (20)	44.4 ± 10.2	Left	60, 120	No difference	NA
Rich et al[68]	Children with BD (16)/Contr (17)	13.1 ± 2.3	Right	60, 120	No difference	NA
Carroll et al[69]	BD (32)/Contr (35)	34.5 ± 7.9	Right	60, 120	No difference	NA
Giakoumaki et al[70]	BD (21) BD/siblings (21)/Contr (19)	18-50 (range)	Right	60, 120	BD < Contr; BD siblings < Contr at LI 60 ms and 120 ms	NA
Gogos et al[71]	BD (31)/Contr (35)	21-61 (range)	Right	60, 120	Men BD < Contr at LI 60 ms; Women BD > Contr at LI 120 ms	NA
Ivleva et al[72]	BD (38)/Sch (62) relatives (32 Sch and 29 BD)/Contr (53)	40.58 ± 10.73; 36.18 ± 10.37; 41.97 ± 10.84; 32.19 ± 14.98; 36.84 ± 11.35	Right	120, 4500	No difference	No difference
Sánchez-Morla et al[73]	BD (52)/Contr (50)	70.9 ± 8.3	Right	60, 120	BD < Contr at LI 60 ms and 120 ms	NA
Matsuo et al[74]	MDD (221)/Contr (250)	18-64 (range)	Left	60, 120	Men MDD < Contr at LI 120 ms; Women no difference	NA
Massa et al[75]	Sch (143), Sch-Fam (178), SAD (123), SAD-Fam (152), BD (138), BD-Fam(183), Contr (226)	37.87 ± 12.77; 35.49 ± 13.48; 40.17 ± 15.89; 34.13 ± 11.93; 43.47 ± 15.87; 38.28 ± 12.17; 39.43 ± 16.28	Right	120, 4500	No difference	No difference

Sch: Patients with schizophrenia; Contr: Healthy control; NA: Not applicable; PPI: Prepulse inhibition; PPF: Prepulse facilitation; BD: Bipolar disorder; MDD: Major depressive disorder; SAD: Schizoaffective disorder; Sch-Fam: Relatives of patients with schizophrenia; BD-Fam: Relatives of patients with bipolar disorder.