Startle response and its prepulse modification in health and under different psychopathologies: Could we find any specific patterns?

Table 1 Summary of studies on prepulse inhibition and prepulse facilitation of the startle response in the cohorts of participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, mean ± SD

Ref.	Groups (group size)	Mean age	Side of recording	Lead interval, ms	PPI	PPF
Xue et al[25]	Unmedicated Sch (26)/medicated Sch (20)/Contr (31)	25.4 ± 3.1	Right	30, 60, 120	Sch < Contr at LI 30 and LI 120	NA
Hammer et al[26]	Unmedicated Sch (27)/Contr (38)	27.3 ± 3.6	Right	120	Sch < Contr	NA
Mackeprang et al[27]	Unmedicated Sch (20)/Contr (20)	27.0 ± 2.4	Right	30, 60, 120	Sch < Contr at LI 30, 60, 120	NA
Ludewig et al[28]	Unmedicated Sch (24)/Contr (20)	23.6 ± 4.2	Right	30, 60, 120, 240, 2000	Sch < Contr at LI 60	Sch < Contr
Ludewig et al[29]	Medicated Sch (67)/Contr (44)	38 ± 10.4	Right	30, 60, 120, 240, 2000	Sch < Contr at LI 60	Sch < Contr
Ludewig and Vollenweider[30]	Medicated Sch (19)/Contr (24). Tested 3 times with 1-month interval	Sch 42 ± 9; Contr 30 ± 10	Right	30, 60, 120, 240, 2000	Sch < Contr at LI 60	Sch < Contr, only in the first block (out of three in total)
Düring et al[31]	Unmedicated Sch (52)/Contr (47)	25.4 ± 4.2	Right	60, 120	Sch < Contr at LI 60 and 120	NA
Csomor et al[32]	Unmedicated Sch (14)/Contr (46)	26.1 ± 1.0	Right	60, 120	Sch < Contr at LI 60	NA
Aggernaes et al[33]	Unmedicated Sch (31)/Contr (31)	25.6 ± 0.8	Right	60, 120	Sch < Contr at LI 60	NA
Hammer et al[34]	Unmedicated Sch (13)/Contr (17)	29.3 ± 5.4	Right	30, 60, 120	Sch < Contr at LI 60	NA
Bo et al[35]	Sch (31)/High risk of psychosis/Contr (31)	23.9 ± 2.1	Right	60, 120	Sch < Contr at LI 60	NA
Hedberg et al[36]	Unmedicated Sch (49)/Contr (35)	27.8 ± 0.9	Right	30, 60, 120	Sch < Contr at LI 60	NA
Wang et al[37]	Unmedicated Sch (35)/Contr (35)	20.4 ± 4.5	Right	30, 60, 120	Sch < Contr at LI 60	NA
Storozheva et al[38]	Unmedicated Sch (26 men)/Contr (25 men)	25-50	Right and left	60, 120, 2500	Sch < Contr at LI 60 (right and left)	Sch < Contr, only in the first of two PPI blocks, at the left eye
Storozheva et al[39]	Unmedicated Sch (35 men)/Contr (26 men)	35.3 ± 10.5; 26.4 ± 5.7	Right and left	60, 120, 2500	Sch < Contr at LI 60, 120 (right and left)	No difference
Kirenskaya et al[40]	Unmedicated violent Sch (44)/non violent Sch (27)/Contr (48)	30.2 ± 6.93; 29.4 ± 7.0; 27.6 ± 3.6	Right and left	60, 120, 2500	Violent Sch < contr at LI 60 ms, bilateral; Non violent Sch< at LI 60 ms, right eye	In violent Sch; No difference from Contr; Non violent Sch < Contr; Non violent < violent Sch at both eyes, in 1st PPI block
Cadenhead et al[41]	Medicated Sch (23)/Sch relatives (34)/shizotypal (11)/Contr (25)	34.4 ± 8.5; 46.1 ± 16.1; 44.4 ± 9.0; 41.1 ± 16.7	Right and left	30, 120	Sch < Contr; Sch at LI 30 ms, right eye relatives < Contr at LI 30 ms bilaterally; Shizotypal < Contr at LI 30 ms bilaterally	NA
Wynn et al[43]	Medicated Sch (90)/Sch siblings (48)/Contr (47)	42.70 ± 8.46; 38.23 ± 9.61; 35.64 ± 7.96	Left	120, 4500	No difference	Sch < Contr; Siblings < Contr

Sch: Patients with schizophrenia; Contr: Healthy control; NA: Not applicable; PPI: Prepulse inhibition; PPF: Prepulse facilitation.