Electroacupuncture ameliorates visceral hypersensitivity and negative emotions by regulating paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and colonic corticotropin-releasing factor signaling

Figure 1 Chronic restraint combined with glacial acetic acid enema was used to induce diarrhoeal irritable bowel syndrome accompanied by negative emotions. A: Schematic diagram of chronic restraint combined with glacial acetic acid enema; B: Flow diagram of chronic restraint combined with glacial acetic acid enema; C: Statistical graphs of the changes in the body weights of mice at different time points; D: Statistical graph of the amount of saline injected for the assessment of the colorectal dilatation-induced abdominal withdrawal reflex; E: Statistical graph of the faecal water content in mice; F: Statistical graph of the diarrhoea indices of the mice; G: Paths travelled by mice in the open-field test; H: Statistical plots of distance in center and time in center by mice in the open-field test; I: Pathological changes in the colonic mucosa of model mice were observed by Hematoxylin eosin staining. Scale bar, 100 μm; J: Alterations in the colonic villi of model mice observed by transmission electron microscopy. Scale bar, 2.0 μm; n = 6 mice in each group, model group vs control group; ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01.