Diamine oxidase as a biomarker for depression and disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease: A cross-sectional observational study

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the study participants

Variable	Moderate-to-severe psychological symptoms	P valuec	No or mild psychological symptoms	P valued	Healthy controls
Sample size, n	56		58		12
Age, years, (median, IQR)	31.5 (25.0-41.0)	0.376	30.0 (22.75-40.0)	0.004b	46.0 (30.75-63.25)
Female, n (%)	15 (26.8)	0.682	18 (31.0)	1.000	4 (33.3)
BMI (median, IQR)	19.9 (18.0-22.0)	0.392	20.8 (18.3-22.4)	0.338	20.9 (19.8-23.6)
CD location, n (%)		0.586		-
Ileal (L1)	12 (21.4)		8 (13.8)		-
Colonic (L2)	6 (10.7)		6 (10.3)		-
Ileocolonic (L3)	31 (55.4)		36 (62.1)		-
Upper gastrointestinal involvement (L4)	0 (0)		0 (0)		-
UC extent, n (%)		0.713		-
Proctitis (E1)	0 (0)		2 (0.25)		-
Left-sided (E2)	1 (14.3)		1 (0.13)		-
Extensive (E3)	6 (85.7)		5 (0.62)		-
Perianal disease, n (%)	5 (8.90)		7 (12.10)		-
Clinical remission, n (%)					-
CDAI, median (IQR)	154.5 (102.9-177.7)	0.320	131.7 (102.4-160.3)		-
MCS, median (IQR)	10.0 (2.0-11)	0.069	4.0 (1.0-6.0)		-
Endoscopic remission, n (%)					-
SES-CD, median (IQR)	3.0 (2.006.0)	0.223	3.0 (2.006.0)		-
MES, median (IQR)	2.0 (003.0)	0.765	1.0 (0.3002.80)		-
Rutgeerts score	2.0 (2.0-2.0)	0.876	1.5 (1.0-3.0)		-
Anti-TNF use, n (%)	18 (32.1)	0.840	17 (29.3)		-
DAO, ng/mL, median (IQR)	33.8 (14.7-48.8)	0.039a	20.0 (6.8-44.4)	0.119	7.6 (3.7–28.2)
D-LA, mmol/L, median (IQR)	0.41 (0.23-0.61)	0.309	0.49 (0.29-0.71)	0.007b	0.24 (0.08–0.39)
IBDQ-32, median (IQR)	174.00 (155.75-192.75)	0.001b	197.00 (187.75-209.00)	-	-
CRP, median (IQR)	2.35 (0.65-10.07)	0.718	1.98 (0.55-6.80)	0.787	2.43 (1.21-6.24)
ESR, median (IQR)	11.00 (7.75-18.25)	0.695	10.50 (8.00-18.50)	0.543	3.50 (1.00-8.25)
ALB, mean ± SD	37.46 ± 4.95	0.666	37.88 ± 5.60	0.875	37.58 ± 4.02
Marital status, n (%)		0.320		0.019a
Single	31 (55.4)		32 (55.2)		2 (16.7)
Married	25 (44.5)		23 (39.7)		10 (83.3)
Divorced	0 (0)		3 (5.2)		0 (0)
Education level, n (%)		0.840		0.189
College and above	38 (67.9)		41 (70.7)		6 (50.0)
High school and below	18 (32.1)		17 (29.3)		6 (50.0)
Occupational status, n (%)		0.499		0.721
Full-time employee	32 (57.1)		32 (55.2)		7 (58.3)
Freelancer	7 (12.5)		9 (15.5)		2 (16.7)
Unemployed	3 (5.4)		7 (12.1)		0 (0)
Retired or student	14 (25.0)		10 (17.2)		3 (25.0)

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP for the moderate-to-severe group vs the no or mild psychological symptoms group.

^dP for the no or mild psychological symptoms group vs the healthy control group.

BMI: Body mass index; CD: Crohn’s disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis; CDAI: Crohn’s disease activity index; IQR: Inter-quartile range; SES-CD: Simple endoscopic score for Crohn’s disease; MCS: Mayo clinic score; MES: Mayo endoscopic sub-score; DAO: Diamine oxidase; D-LA: d-lactate; IBDQ-32: Inflammatory bowel disease questionnaire; CRP: C-reactive protein; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; ALB: Albumin.