Interplay among bedtime procrastination, sleep patterns, and subjective wellbeing in the Indian population: An observational study

Table 3 Comparison of anxiety, depression and subjective wellbeing level between female and male participants, n (%)

Variables	Females (n = 224), mean ± SD	Males (n = 176), mean ± SD	Test of significance	Effect size (Cohen’s d); 95%CI
GAD-2	2.191 ± 1.545	1.534 ± 1.389	t = 4.412, df = 398, P = 0.0001	0.444 (0.245 to 0.644)
PHQ-2	1.987 ± 1.531	1.721 ± 1.384	t = 1.799, df = 398, P = 0.0728	0.181 (-0.017 to 0.379)
WHO-5	52.035 ± 20.003	54.704 ± 20.022	t = 1.983, df = 398, P = 0.048	-0.133 (-0.331 to 0.064)
GAD-2			χ2 = 9.409	Risk ratio = 1.71
Screen positive1	74 (33.03)	34 (19.32)	P = 0.002	Risk difference = 0.137
Screen negative	150 (66.97)	142 (80.68)
PHQ-2			χ2 = 0.862	Risk ratio = 1.162
Screen positive1	68 (30.36)	46 (26.14)	P = 0.353	Risk difference = 0.042
Screen negative	156 (69.64)	130 (73.86)

¹Number of positive test results (cut-off score: 3). CI: Confidence interval; GAD-2: Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2-item; PHQ-2: Patient Health Questionnaire-2 item; SD: Standard deviation; WHO-5: World Health Organization-5 Well-being Index.