Mazdutide: An emerging glucagon/GCG-like peptide-1 dual receptor agonist for obesity—a comparison of therapeutic effects and potential side effects with GCG-like peptide-1 inhibitors

Figure 4 Pharmacological effects of mazdutide. Mazdutide binds to both glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor and glucagon receptor on cell membranes, triggering cyclic adenosine monophosphate–protein kinase A signaling. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation delays gastric emptying and stimulates central appetite suppression, while glucagon receptor activation enhances hepatic fatty acid oxidation, thermogenesis, and uncoupling protein 1-mediated heat production in adipose tissue. Together, these effects contribute to weight loss, improved glycemic control, reduced hepatic fat deposits, and increased basal metabolic rate. PKA: Protein kinase A; cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate; GCGR: Glucagon receptor; GLP-1R: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor; UCP1: Uncoupling protein 1.