Ophthalmological manifestations in autoimmune diseases: Overcoming diagnostic and therapeutic challenges

doi:10.5493/wjem.v15.i3.104431

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World Journal of Experimental Medicine

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Exp Med. Sep 20, 2025; 15(3): 104431
Published online Sep 20, 2025. doi: 10.5493/wjem.v15.i3.104431

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Figure 3 Diagnostic algorithm for systemic work-up in patients with vision loss suspected of an autoimmune etiology. ON: Optical neuritis; SS: Sjögren's syndrome; RA: Rheumatoid arthritis; MS: Multiple sclerosis; KCS: Keratoconjunctivitis sicca; SLE: Systemic lupus erythematosus; ANA: Anti-nuclear antibodies; RF: Rheumatoid factor; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP: C-reactive protein; ACE: Angiotensin converting enzyme; HLA: Human leukocyte antigen.

Citation: El Kaouri I, Deligiannis I, Bakopoulou K, Sdralis PP, Shoumnalieva-Ivanova V, Shumnalieva R, Velikova T. Ophthalmological manifestations in autoimmune diseases: Overcoming diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. World J Exp Med 2025; 15(3): 104431
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-315X/full/v15/i3/104431.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5493/wjem.v15.i3.104431