Ophthalmological manifestations in autoimmune diseases: Overcoming diagnostic and therapeutic challenges

Table 3 Comparative biomarker table for ocular autoimmune and infectious disorders

Condition	Key biomarkers	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)	Comments	Ref.
NMOSD	AQP4-IgG (live cell-based assay)	80%	100%	Highly specific; distinguishes NMOSD from MS-related optic neuritis	[148]
MS-related optic neuritis	No specific serological marker			Diagnosis is clinical and radiological; CSF oligoclonal bands may assist	[149]
MOG-AD	MOG-IgG (cell-based assay)	89.1%	93.3%	Important for recurrent optic neuritis with optic disc edema; often in children/young adults	[150]
Sarcoidosis-associated uveitis	ACE, lysozyme	ACE: 38.2%-84.0%; lysozyme: 60.0%-78.0%	ACE: 83.0%-97.8%; lysozyme: 76.0%-95.0%	Elevated levels support diagnosis; imaging often essential	[151]
TB-associated uveitis	QuantiFERON-TB gold	62%-95%	92%-100%	Latent TB testing critical in endemic areas or atypical uveitis	[152]
Behçet’s disease	HLA-B51			HLA-B51 is the strongest genetic association; supportive rather than diagnostic	[153]

NMOSD: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders; AQP4: Aquaporin-4; MOG-AD: Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease antibody; ACE: Angiotensin converting enzyme; TB: Tuberculosis; CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid; MS: Multiple sclerosis; HLA: Human leukocyte antigen.