Designing drug regimens for special intensive care unit populations

Table 11 Pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties of drugs commonly used in the intensive care units¹

Indication/class	Specific drug	LogP	Pb (%)	Vd (L/kg)
Sedative
	Propofol	4.16	98	60
	Midazolam	3.33	97	2
	Lorazepam	3.53	91	1.3
	Dexmedetomidine	3.39	94	1.3
Analgesic
	Morphine	0.9	35	3
	Fentanyl	3.82	83	5
	Hydromorphone	1.62	20	1.2
Delirium
	Quetiapine	2.81	83	10
	Haloperidol	3.66	92	18
Antiarrhythmic
	Diltiazem	2.37	80	5
	Amiodarone	7.64	98	70
	Digoxin	2.37	25	6
Antihypertensive
	Labetalol	1.89	50	5
	Esmolol	1.82	55	3
	Hydralazine	0.75	87	4
GI/antiemetic
	Pantoprazole	2.18	98	0.15
	Famotidine	-2	18	1.2
	Ondansetron	2.35	73	2
	Metoclopramide	1.4	30	4.4
	Erythromycin	2.6	85	0.6
Anticoagulant
	Enoxaparin	-8.3	80	0.07
	Heparin	NA	NA	0.05
	Fondaparinux	-10	94	0.1
	Argatroban	-0.97	54	0.17
Corticosteroid
	Methylprednisolone	1.56	78	1.1
	Hydrocortisone	1.28	95	0.5
Antifungal/antiviral
	Voriconazole	1.82	58	3
	Fluconazole	0.56	11	0.8
	Micafungin	-6.3	99	0.39
	Amphotericin	-2.3	95	1.8
	Acyclovir	-1	9-33	0.6
Antibiotic
	Azithromycin	2.44	51	0.44
	Aztreonam	-3.1	56	0.17
	Cefazolin	-1.5	80	0.14
	Cefepime	-4.3	20	0.23
	Cefoxitin	0.29	75	0.26
	Ceftriaxone	-1.8	95	0.14
	Ciprofloxacin	-0.81	35	2.5
	Clindamycin	1.04	93	2.5
	Linezolid	0.64	31	0.64
	Meropenem	-4.4	2	0.36
	Metronidazole	-0.46	25	1
	Moxifloxacin	-0.5	50	2
	Piperacillin/tazobactam	-0.26		0.1
	Vancomycin	-3.1	55	0.7
Anti-seizure
	Levetiracetam	-0.59	8	0.6
	Phenytoin	2.15	90	0.7

¹LogP is the octanol-water partition coefficient and is expressed as the ratio of the solubility of a compound in octanol (non-polar solvent) to its solubility in water (polar solvent). Some of the data from this table (particularly the log P values) were obtained from http://www.drugbank.ca. NA: Not applicable.