Impact of perioperative hyponatremia in children: A narrative review

Table 2 Stimuli associated with increased antidiuretic hormone production (adapted from Bailey et al[15])

Hemodynamic
Hypotension
Hypovolemia	Blood loss, diarrhea, diuretics, vomiting, renal salt wasting, hypoaldosteronism, burns, polyuria
Hypervolemia	Nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, heart failure, hypoalbuminemia, iatrogenic-induced hyponatremia, excessive water intake
Non-hemodynamic
Central nervous system disturbances	Meningitis, encephalitis, brain abscess, head injury, hypoxic brain injury, stroke
Pulmonary diseases	Asthma, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tuberculosis, empyema, bronchiolitis, acute respiratory failure
Cancer	Lung cancer (especially small-cell lung cancer), brain tumor, leukemia, lymphoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, neuroendocrine tumor, squamous cell carcinoma
Medications	Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, morphine, carbamazepine, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, desmopressin
Other	Pain, stress, nausea, emesis, postoperative state, cortisol deficiency