Controversies in fluid therapy: Type, dose and toxicity

Table 3 Studies in critically ill patients describing the association with fluid overload and worse outcome

Study	Design	Population	Exposures	Outcomes
Pediatric Studies
Goldstein et al[33]	Retrospective	Pediatric critically ill starting CRRT	% FO	↑ % FO associated with ↑ mortality
Foland et al[60]	Retrospective	Pediatric critically ill starting CRRT	% FO	↑ % FO associated with ↑ organ dysfunction + mortality
Sutherland et al[31]	Retrospective	Pediatric critically ill starting CRRT	% FO	↑ % FO associated with ↑ mortality
Arikan et al[30]	Retrospective	Pediatric critically ill starting CRRT	% FO	↑ % FO associated with ↓ lung function
Adult Studies
Payen et al[61]	Post-hoc prospective	Adult critically ill septic patients	FB	↑ FB associated with ↑ mortality
Murphy et al[62]	Retrospective	Adult critically ill ALI patients	AIFR + CLFM	↑ Survival for ↑ AIFR + ↑ CLFM
Bouchard et al[63]	Post-hoc prospective	Adult critically ill AKI patients	% FO > 10%	↑ FB associated with ↑ mortality
Wiedemann et al[36]	RCT	Adult critically ill with ALI	Conservative vs liberal fluid management strategy	↑ MV-free days; ↑ ICU-free days with conservative strategy
Fulop et al[64]	Retrospective	Adult critically ill starting CRRT	VRWG	↑ VRWG associated with ↑ mortality
Boyd et al[65]	Post-hoc analysis from VASST	Adult critically ill septic patients	Quartiles of FB + CVP at 12 h and 4 d	↑ FB at 12 h and 4 d associated with ↑ mortality; CVP < 8 at 12 h ↓ mortality
Grams et al[66]	Post-hoc FACCT	Adult critically ill with ALI + AKI	FB + diuretics	↑ FB associated with ↑ mortality
Heung et al[67]	Retrospective	Adult critically ill starting CRRT	% FO	↑ % FO associated with ↓ kidney recovery
Bellomo et al[68]	Post-hoc RENAL	Adult critically ill with AKI	FB	↑ FB associated with ↑ mortality

Adapted from Raghunathan et al[58]. ALI: Acute lung injury; AIFR: Adequate initial fluid resuscitation; CLFM: Conservative late fluid management; VRWG: Volume-related weight gain; AKI: Acute kidney injury; CVP: Central venous pressure; ICU: Intensive care unit; RCT: Randomized clinical trial.