From carbon cost to climate care: Greening our intensive care units

Figure 1 The green intensive care unit framework: From emission hotspots to sustainable critical care. Conceptual framework illustrating the major emission hotspots in intensive care units, the 5 Rs implementation framework (replace/avoid, reduce, reuse, recycle, rethink), associated clinical co-benefits, and downstream system-level outcomes. The framework demonstrates how targeted interventions in high-impact domains can simultaneously reduce environmental footprint, improve quality of care, and support health-system sustainability. A: Emission hotspots; B: Rs framework; C: Clinical co-benefits; D: System outcomes. ICU: Intensive care unit; HVAC: Heating, ventilation and air conditioning.