Impact of nurse empowerment for early adrenaline administration for in-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation: A pre-post intervention study

Table 2 Details among patients who achieved return of spontaneous circulation, n (%)

Parameter	All patients (n = 260)	Pre-intervention (n = 92)	Post intervention (n = 168)	P value
Time to 1st adrenaline, median (IQR) minutes	2 (0, 4)	3 (0, 6)	1 (0, 2)	< 0.001
Timely adrenaline administration1	166 (68.6)	40 (48.8)	126 (78.8)	< 0.001
Time to ROSC, median (IQR), minutes	15 (8, 26)	20 (12, 30)	12 (8, 23)	< 0.001
Number of cycles of CPR, median (IQR)	7 (4, 10)	8 (5, 11)	6 (4, 10)	0.06
Number of doses of adrenaline, median (IQR)	3 (2, 4)	3 (2, 4)	3 (2, 4)	0.65
Reversible cause identified	198 (76.2)	53 (58.2)	145 (85.8)	< 0.001
Shifted to ICU2	188 (72.3)	72 (79.3)	116 (68.6)	0.08
Survival at 24-hour	142 (54.6)	58 (63.0)	84 (49.7)	0.04
Survival to hospital discharge among ROSC	56 (21.5)	27 (29.7)	29 (17.2)	0.03

¹Indicates those who received the first dose of adrenaline within 2 minutes; data on time of adrenaline administration available only in 242 patients.

²Not all patients who achieved return of spontaneous circulation were shifted to the intensive care unit; this decision was based on the clinicians’ assessment and the family’s wishes.

IQR: Interquartile range; ROSC: Return of spontaneous circulation; CPR: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ICU: Intensive care unit.