Prognostic utility of on-admission pulse pressure in hospitalized patients with traumatic brain injury

doi:10.5492/wjccm.115627

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World Journal of Critical Care Medicine

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2220-3141

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Crit Care Med. Sep 9, 2026; 15(3): 115627
Published online Sep 9, 2026. doi: 10.5492/wjccm.115627

Table 1 Clinical characteristics, management, and outcome in traumatic brain injury based on pulse pressure (n = 5029), n (%)/mean ± SD

	PP ≤ 30 mmHg	PP: 31-40 mmHg	PP: 41-50 mmHg	PP: 51-60 mmHg	PP > 60 mmHg	P value
Number (n = 4963)	578 (11.5)	1010 (20.1)	1409 (28.0)	1102 (21.9)	930 (18.5)
Age (yr)	28.7 ± 16.2	28.4 ± 14.7	29.1 ± 15.0	31.2 ± 15.3	36.5 ± 19.6	0.001
Males	517 (89.4)	910 (90.1)	1276 (90.6)	1023 (92.8)	857 (92.2)	0.05 for all
Females	61 (10.6)	100 (9.9)	133 (9.4)	79 (7.2)	73 (7.8)	0.05 for all
Mechanism of injury
Traffic-related	238 (41.2)	359 (35.5)	499 (35.4)	387 (35.1)	376 (40.4)	0.001 for all
Pedestrians	114 (19.7)	155 (15.3)	195 (13.8)	144 (13.1)	121 (13.0)
Fall from height	166 (28.7)	348 (34.5)	523 (37.1)	419 (38.0)	317 (34.1)
Fall of a heavy object	14 (2.4)	52 (5.1)	71 (5.0)	66 (6.0)	46 (4.9)
Others	46 (8.0)	96 (9.5)	121 (8.6)	86 (7.8)	70 (7.5)
Vitals at scene
Pulse (n = 3718)	101.2 ± 27.0	94.9 ± 24.2	93.4 ± 23.4	89.1 ± 20.8	90.4 ± 21.8	0.001
SBP (n = 3618)	126.0 ± 27.6	129.9 ± 23.3	130.3 ± 21.9	135.4 ± 20.9	143.9 ± 27.7	0.001
DBP (n = 3606)	82.2 ± 22.2	81.1 ± 20.6	81.8 ± 16.8	83.6 ± 17.6	86.2 ± 18.6	0.001
GCS (mean, 95%CI) (n = 3794)	10.0 (9.6-10.5)	11.4 (11.1-11.7)	12.4 (12.1-12.6)	12.7 (12.4-12.9)	12.3 (11.9-12.6)	0.001
Vital signs at hospital admission (ED)
Pulse	107.1 ± 26.8	97.5 ± 24.5	93.5 ± 22.3	90.2 ± 20.6	91.2 ± 22.1	0.001
SBP	100.7 ± 22.6	113.7 ± 15.8	123.2 ± 14.7	133.1 ± 14.2	151.2 ± 22.3	0.001
DBP	76.2 ± 22.2	76.3 ± 15.8	76.5 ± 14.3	77.0 ± 13.6	77.0 ± 16.9	0.733
GCS (mean, 95%CI) (n = 4931)	8.4 (7.8-8.9)	10.3 (9.9-10.7)	11.3 (11.0-11.6)	11.9 (11.5-12.2)	11.3 (10.9-11.7)	0.001
Shock index in the ED	1.15 ± 0.49	0.88 ± 0.29	0.77 ± 0.22	0.69 ± 0.18	0.62 ± 0.18	0.001
Ethanol levels	41.4 ± 21.9	41.5 ± 22.2	43.2 ± 19.7	40.0 ± 24.9	39.0 ± 23.7	0.79
Ethanol positive	55 (9.5)	110 (10.9)	124 (8.8)	77 (7.0)	51 (5.5)	0.001
MAP in the ED	84.4 ± 22.2	88.8 ± 15.8	92.1 ± 14.3	95.7 ± 13.7	101.7 ± 17.9	0.001
Associated injuries
Chest	282 (48.8)	343 (34.0)	389 (27.6)	264 (24.0)	265 (28.5)	0.001
Abdomen	167 (28.9)	193 (19.1)	166 (11.8)	102 (9.3)	55 (5.9)	0.001
Pelvis	110 (19.0)	122 (12.1)	113 (8.0)	74 (6.7)	57 (6.1)	0.001
Lower extremity	121 (20.9)	158 (15.6)	170 (12.1)	125 (11.3)	93 (10.0)	0.001
Upper extremity	182 (31.5)	221 (21.9)	298 (21.1)	200 (18.1)	207 (22.3)	0.001
Acute kidney injury	25 (4.3)	21 (2.1)	15 (1.1)	9 (0.8)	15 (1.6)	0.001
Head AIS score	3.6 ± 1.0	3.4 ± 0.9	3.3 ± 0.9	3.3 ± 0.9	3.4 ± 0.9	0.001
Chest AIS score	2.8 ± 0.7	2.7 ± 0.7	2.7 ± 0.6	2.6 ± 0.7	2.5 ± 0.7	0.001
Abdomen AIS score	2.7 ± 0.9	2.5 ± 0.9	2.4 ± 0.8	2.3 ± 0.8	2.3 ± 0.9	0.001
Pelvis AIS score	2.3 ± 0.8	2.2 ± 0.6	2.1 ± 0.4	2.1 ± 0.3	2.1 ± 0.3	0.004
MAP = SBP + 2 (DBP)/3, PP = SBP-DBP; SI = HR/SBP

PP: Pulse pressure; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale; CI: Confidence intervals; ED: Emergency department; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; AIS: Abbreviated Injury Scale; SI: Shock index; HR: Heart rate.

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Citation: Ahmed K, El-Menyar A, Asim M, Al Jogol H, Taha I, Kanbar A, Younis B, Rizoli S, Al-Thani H. Prognostic utility of on-admission pulse pressure in hospitalized patients with traumatic brain injury. World J Crit Care Med 2026; 15(3): 115627
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3141/full/v15/i3/115627.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5492/wjccm.115627

Ahmed K, El-Menyar A, Asim M, Al Jogol H, Taha I, Kanbar A, Younis B, Rizoli S, Al-Thani H. Prognostic utility of on-admission pulse pressure in hospitalized patients with traumatic brain injury. World J Crit Care Med 2026; 15(3): 115627 [DOI: 10.5492/wjccm.115627]

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