Long-term psychological outcomes among frontline healthcare workers following the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review

Table 6 Distress and turnover intention table, n (%)/mean ± SD

Ref.	Distress screening tool	Distress screen definition	Distress prevalence in FL 2023	mean ± SD	Results of comparison
Azoulay et al[10]	VAS and intention to leave yes/no	NR	Intention to leave 484 (57); VAS NR	NR	NCG
Cheng et al[11]	DASS-21 and Stress Scale of Caring for Patients with Highly-Infectious Disease	> 14	NR	DASS-21 stress score 1324 ± 8.14; HSS 48.89 ± 18.5	NCG
Qian et al[13]	IES-R; change in work stress and rest time yes/no	NR	NR	IES-R score 173 ± 12.7	NS increase in work stress and decrease in rest time reported in FL vs NFL
Mohr et al[14]	2 items from MBI and coronavirus disease 2019 professional stress	Burnout ≥ once per week; coronavirus disease 2019 professional stress positive if answered high or extreme stress	95278 (32.50)		ICU had highest work stress at the start of the pandemic (48.6%) with the greater decline (12.9%) from 2020-2023 than other work areas
Xu et al[20]	MBI	Psychological symptom profile created: Low, moderate, and high level	1300 (62.1) low level, 605 (28.9) moderate level, and 189 (9) high level	NR	NCG
Zhang et al[23]	Turnover Intention Scale	< 6 very low; 6-12 low; 13-18 high; > 19 very high	High turnover intention 804 (32) and very high 302 (12)	NR	FL 2.09 ± 0.88 vs NFL 1.85 ± 1.85, P < 0.01
Wang et al[24]	MBI-HSS	> 26 in EE, > 9 in D, and < 33 in PA	1666 (75.38)	NR	NCG
Çerçizaj et al[27]	DASS-21	Normal 0-14, mild 15-18, moderate 19-25, severe 26-33, extremely severe ≥ 34	Mild 3 (1.0), Moderate 0 (0), severe or extremely severe 0 (0)	NR	NR

VAS: Visual analog scale; IES-R: Impact of Event Scale-Revised; MBI: Maslach Burnout Inventory; HSS: Health Services Scale; DASS-21: Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21; NCG: No comparison group; NR: Not reported; NS: Not significant; FL: Frontline; NFL: Non frontline; OR: Odds ratio; ICU: Intensive care unit; EE: Emotional Exhaustion; D: Depersonalization; PA: Personal accomplishment.