Long-term psychological outcomes among frontline healthcare workers following the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review

doi:10.5492/wjccm.v15.i2.118885

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World Journal of Critical Care Medicine

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2220-3141

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Crit Care Med. Jun 9, 2026; 15(2): 118885
Published online Jun 9, 2026. doi: 10.5492/wjccm.v15.i2.118885

Table 5 Sleep disorder data, n (%)

Ref.	Sleep screening tool	Positive sleep screen definition	Sleep prevalence in FL 2023	mean ± SD	Results of comparison
Yang et al[12]	PSQI	≥ 8	1088 (52.70)	10.11 ± 4.2	NCG
Liu et al[15]	ISI	≥ 8	782 (34.3) (95%CI: 32.2-36.3)	NR	NCG
Liu et al[18]	PSQI	≥ 8	NR	9.4 ± 4.7	10.7 ± 2.5 in 2022 and 9.4 ± 4.7 in 2023, P < 0.001
Giménez-Díez et al[19]	ISI	NR	698 (66.80)	10.8 ± 6.4	NR
Xie et al[21]	PSQI	≥ 7	201 (79.4)	NR	NR
Ding et al[25]	ISI	≥ 15	289 (20.5)	NR	OR for FL vs NFL 1.09 (95%CI: 1.02-1.16), P = 0.01
Yang et al[26]	PSQI	≥ 8	NR	9.3 ± 4.7	10.7 ± 2.5 in 2022 vs 9.3 ± 4.7 in 2023, P < 0.001

PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; ISI: Insomnia severity index; NCG: No comparison group; NR: Not reported; NS: Not significant; FL: Frontline; NFL: Non frontline; OR: Odds ratio.

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Citation: Adams TN, Patel HJ, North CS. Long-term psychological outcomes among frontline healthcare workers following the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. World J Crit Care Med 2026; 15(2): 118885
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3141/full/v15/i2/118885.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5492/wjccm.v15.i2.118885

Adams TN, Patel HJ, North CS. Long-term psychological outcomes among frontline healthcare workers following the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. World J Crit Care Med 2026; 15(2): 118885 [PMID: 42272887 DOI: 10.5492/wjccm.v15.i2.118885]

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