Long-term psychological outcomes among frontline healthcare workers following the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review

Table 3 Depression data, n (%)/mean ± SD

Ref.	Depression screening tool	Positive depression screen definition	Depression prevalence	Depression survey score	Results of comparison
Azoulay et al[10]	HADS	7 of 21 on the depression subscale	219 (26)	Mean NR; median 4 (IQR: 2-7)	NCG
Cheng et al[11]	DASS-21	> 9	NR	8.2 ± 6.9	NCG
Yang et al[12]	SDS	≥ 40	NR	53.6 ± 13.1	NCG
Hoseini-Marvast et al[28]	Beck-2	Minimal 0-7, mild 8-15, moderate 16-25, severe 26-63	845 (50)	20.8 ± 13.7	Not significant for comparison between FL vs NFL (data NR)
Çerçizaj et al[27]	DASS-21	Mild 10-13, moderate 14-20, severe 21-27, extremely severe ≥ 28	Mild 16 (5.6); moderate 11 (3.8); severe/extremely severe 9 (3.1)	NR	OR 2.67 (95%CI: 1.2-6.1) for FL vs NFL
Liu et al[15]	PHQ-9	≥ 5	865 (41.8) (95%CI: 39.7-43.9)	NR	NCG
Yang et al[26]	SDS	≥ 40	NR	55.4 ± 12.8	Mean 62.46 ± 4.69 in 2022 vs 55.4 ± 12.8 in 2023, P < 0.001
Ding et al[25]	PHQ-9	≥ 10	231 (16.4)	NR	OR 1.66 (95%CI: 1.47-1.9) P < 0.001 for FL vs NFL
Liu et al[18]	SDS	≥ 73 for severe depression	36 (4.9)	55.6 ± 12.6	Prevalence 36 (4.9) in 2023 vs 13 (1.7) in 2022, P < 0.001
Giménez-Díez et al[19]	PHQ-9	Pooled symptom profile	191 (73.9)	8.9 ± 5.9	OR = 1.38 (95%CI: 1.00-1.90), P = 0.048 FL vs NFL
Xu et al[20]	CES-D	Pooled symptom profile	1300 (62.1) low, 605 (28.9) moderate and 189 (9) high	NR	NCG
Xie et al[21]	SDS	≥ 50	137 (64.9)	NR	OR = 1.44 (95%CI: 0.39-1.25), P = 0.017 FL vs NFL
Wang et al[22]	SDS	≥ 50	NR	54.3 ± 9.4	NCG

NCG: Bo comparison group; NR: Not reported; NS: Not significant; SDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9; DASS-21: Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; Beck-2: Beck depression inventory 2; CES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; FL: Frontline; NFL: Non frontline; OR: Odds ratio; NR: Not report; IQR: Interquartile range.