Long-term psychological outcomes among frontline healthcare workers following the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review

Table 2 Study characteristics, n (%)/mean ± SD

Ref.	Country	Survey year	Occupation	Comparison	Number of participants	Age (mean ± SD or most common age group)	Men	Depression screen	Anxiety screen	PTSD screen	Sleep screen	Distress screen
Azoulay et al[10]	Europe	2024	ICU HCWs	None	850	39 ± 7	276 (32)	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes
Cheng et al[11]	Taiwan	2023	Nurse practitioners	None	98	35-44	3 (3.1)	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes
Yang et al[12]	China	2023	Nurses	None	2,065	26-35	370 (17.9)	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No
Qian et al[13]	China	2023	HCWs	FL vs NFL	1419	26-35	343 (24.2)	No	No	No	No	Yes
Mohr et al[14]	United States	2018-2023	HCWs	Year; FL vs NFL	293164	46.3 ± 12.1	83258 (28.4)	No	No	No	No	Yes
Liu et al[15]	China	2023	HCWs	None	2070	25-34	469 (22.7)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Wen et al[16]	China	2022, 2023	Nurses, physicians	Year; ICU	2292	31-40	389 (17.0)	No	No	Yes	No	No
Narita et al[17]	Japan	2023	HCWs	FL vs NFL	660	42.7 ± 10.9	214 (32.4)	No	No	Yes	No	No
Liu et al[18]	China	2023	Nurses	Year	784	NR	366 (49.6)	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No
Giménez-Díez et al[19]	Spain	2023	Nurses	Year; FL vs NFL	1045	42.7 ± 10.9	128 (12.2)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Xu et al[20]	China	2023	Nurses, physicians	None	2094	< 35	517 (24.7)	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes
Xie et al[21]	China	2023	Nurses	FL vs NFL	253	18-45	22 (8.7)	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No
Wang et al, 2023[22]	China	2023	Nurses	None	2210	26-35	436 (19.7)	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
Zhang et al[23]	China	2023	Nurses	FL vs NFL	2513	25-44	98 (3.9)	No	No	Yes	No	Yes
Wang et al, 2024[24]	China	2023	Nurses	None	2210	26-35	436 (19.7)	No	No	No	No	Yes
Ding et al[25]	China	2023	HCWs	FL vs NFL	1412	18-34	609 (43.1)	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No
Yang et al[26]	China	2022, 2023	Nurses	Year	816	NR	381 (49.9)	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No
Çerçizaj et al[27]	Albania	2024	Nurses	FL vs NFL	288	38.6 ± 10.4	52 (17.9)	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes
Hoseini-Marvast et al[28]	Iran	2023	Nurses	FL vs NFL	890	34.89 ± 7.84	107 (12.0)	Yes	Yes	No	No	No

FL HCW: Frontline healthcare workers; ICU: Intensive care unit; NFL: Non-frontline; NR: Not report; PTSD: Posttraumatic stress disorder.