Long-term psychological outcomes among frontline healthcare workers following the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review

Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion	Exclusion
Published in English	All languages other than English
Data collected on or after March 1, 2023	Data collected before March 1, 2023
All or part of the analyses targeted FL HCWs caring for patients with COVID-19: Physicians, nurses, advanced practice providers	Reports limited to the context of another pandemic (e.g., Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, influenza) or event (e.g., earthquake or another natural event) not related to the COVID-19 pandemic
Reporting quantitative data (e.g., prevalence rates) on psychological problems experienced by FL HCWs after the COVID-19 pandemic	Reports limited to other professionals not working in the health system (i.e., police officers, firefighters, teachers) or healthcare students
Reporting quantitative data (e.g., prevalence rates) on psychological problems (i.e., depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, insomnia, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms) and other psychological data, including burnout symptoms, sleep problems, psychological stress and distress)	Reports limited to HCWs who did not perform hospital-based work as a member of the primary healthcare team on hospitalized COVID-19 patients (i.e., dentists, orthopedic surgeons)
	Reports limited to types of qualitative data other than prevalence rates or results of interventional studies
	Reports limited to data on emotions (e.g., fear) or behaviors (e.g., physical activity, smoking)
	Reports limited to surges of COVID-19 infection occurring locally at time of study (i.e., several provinces in China had surges in early 2023; studies reporting data collection during these surges were excluded)

FL HCW: Frontline healthcare workers; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.