Navigating the veins: A comprehensive review of vasoactive agent infusion via peripheral routes

Table 1 Summary of recent trials evaluating the complications associated with transfusion of vasoactive agents through peripheral intravenous catheters, median (25^th-75^th percentiles)

Ref.	Year of publication	Country of origin	Type of study	Patient population	Sample size	Extravasation	Thrombosis	Infection	Vasopressor	Duration of vasopressor
Ramanan et al[13]	2025	Australia	Prospective single center RCT	ER/ICU	40	2/40	NA	1/40	Noradrenaline	11.5 (6.5-23.5) hours
Petros et al[14]	2025	Ethopia	Multicenter prospective cohort	ER/ICU	250	3/250	NA	NA	Noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine	NA
Christensen et al[15]	2024	Sweden	Multicenter prospective observational study	Perioperative	1004	23/1004	NA	NA	Noradrenaline	175.5 (105-276) minutes
Han et al[16]	2024	China	Retrospective, single center cohort study	Neurology ICU	273	1/273	NA	NA	Metaraminol	88.4 (54.5-131.6) hours
Asher et al[17]	2023	Israel	Prospective single center study	Cardiology ICU	108	1/108	NA	1/108	Noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine	NA
Powell et al[18]	2023	United States	Retrospective, single center cohort study	NA	36	0	0	0	Noradrenaline	6 (3.3-11.3) hours
Marques et al[19]	2022	Rwanda	Prospective single center study	ER/ICU	64	2/64	NA	NA	Noradrenaline, adrenaline	19 (8.5-37) hours
Groetzinger et al[20]	2022	United States	Retrospective, single center study	Medical ICU	87	1/87	NA	NA	Noradrenaline	1-68 (range)
Nguyen et al[21]	2021	United States	Retrospective, single center study	ER	177	4.5%	NA	NA	Noradrenaline	62 (32-142) minutes
Ballieu et al[22]	2021	United States	Retrospective, single center cohort study	Neurology ICU	125	2/125	1/125	NA	Phenylephrine	NA
Delaney et al[5]	2020	Australia	Post-hoc analysis of the ARISE trial	ER/ICU	548	3/548	1/548	1/548	Noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine	4.9 (3.5-6.6) hours
Padmanaban et al[23]	2020	India	Single center, observational study	ICU	122	1/122	NA	NA	Norepinephrine, vasopressin, adrenaline, dopamine	Noradrenaline 9 (6-14), vasopressin: 4 (2.7-9), adrenaline: 6 (4-10), dopamine: 7.5
Lewis et al[10]	2019	United States	Retrospective, single center cohort study	ICU	202	8/202	NA	NA	Norepinephrine, epinephrine, vasopressin, dopamine	11.5 hours (median)
Medlej et al[24]	2018	Lebanon	Single center, observational study	ER	55	2/55	1/55	0/55	Norepinephrine, dopamine	Norepinephrine: 13 (6.5-31.5); dopamine: 53 (15.5-113) hours
Datar et al[8]	2018	United States	Retrospective, single center study	Neurology ICU	277	9/277	NA	NA	Phenylephrine	19 ± 18 hours
Delgado et al[25]	2016	United States	Single center observational study	Neurology ICU	20	1/20	0	0	Phenylephrine	14.29 (1-54.3) ours
Cardenas-Garcia et al[9]	2015	United States	Single center observational study	MICU	734	19/734	NA	NA	Norepinephrine, dopamine, and phenylephrine	49 ± 22 hours

RCT: Randomized controlled trial; IQR: Interquartile range; ER: Emergency room; ICU: Intensive care unit; MICU: Medical intensive care unit; NA: Not available.