Sex differences in serious outcomes among critically ill adults following endotracheal intubation

doi:10.5492/wjccm.v15.i2.115099

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World Journal of Critical Care Medicine

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2220-3141

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Observational Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Crit Care Med. Jun 9, 2026; 15(2): 115099
Published online Jun 9, 2026. doi: 10.5492/wjccm.v15.i2.115099

Table 1 Emergency department intubation characteristics between males and females, n (%)/median (interquartile range)

Characteristics	Total 1021	Sex distribution		OR (95%CI)	P value
Characteristics	Total 1021	Female 387	Male 634	OR (95%CI)	P value
Age (years), mean ± SD	52.2 ± 17.5	52.2 ± 17.8	52.1 ± 17.3		0.986
Age groups
< 45 years	336 (32.9)	126 (32.6)	210 (33.1)	1.026 (0.784-1.343)	0.852
≥ 45 years	685 (67.1)	261 (67.4)	424 (66.9)	1.026 (0.784-1.343)	0.852
Shifts
Night (10 PM-08 AM)	427 (41.8)	181 (46.8)	246 (38.8)	0.722 (0.559-0.943)	0.012
Morning to evening (08 AM-10 PM)	594 (58.2)	206 (53.2)	388 (61.2)	0.722 (0.559-0.943)	0.012
Pre intubation vitals
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	130 (153-110)	128 (150-110)	130 (155-110)		0.311
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	77 (90-62)	75 (89-60)	78 (90-63)		0.133
Heart rate	106 (122-88)	108 (126-90)	106 (120-86)		0.260
Oxygen saturations (%)	94 (98-81)	95 (98-81)	94 (98-80)		0.614
Respiratory rate	25 (32-20)	25 (32-20)	25 (32-20)		0.692
Reasons for intubation
Coma	39 (3.8)	12 (3.1)	27 (4.3)	0.719 (0.360-1.437)	0.349
Hypoxia	119 (11.7)	47 (12.1)	72 (11.4)	1.075 (0.727-1.590)	0.703
Metabolic acidosis	136 (13.3)	52 (13.4)	84 (13.2)	1.016 (0.701-1.474)	0.932
Anticipated decline	147 (14.4)	55 (14.2)	92 (14.5)	0.979 (0.682-1.404)	0.895
Respiratory distress	395 (38.8)	171 (44.2)	224 (35.4)	1.442 (1.114-1.867)	0.005
Polytrauma	24 (2.4)	4 (1)	20 (3.2)	0.320 (0.109-0.944)	0.03
Isolated trauma (trauma to one body region, not gunshot wound)	32 (3.1)	5 (1.3)	27 (4.3)	0.294 (0.112-0.771)	0.008
Gunshot injury	10 (1)	3 (0.8)	7 (1.1)	0.700 (0.180-2.722)	0.605
Others	29 (2.8)	11 (2.8)	18 (2.8)	1.004 (0.469-2.149)	0.998
Shock index
< 0.9	587 (57.5)	196 (50.6)	391 (61.7)	1.568 (1.214-2.025)	< 0.001
≥ 0.9	434 (42.5)	191 (49.4)	243 (38.3)	1.568 (1.214-2.025)
pH
≥ 7.3	444 (43.5)	220 (32.8)	224 (63.8)	1.298 (1.004-1.677)	< 0.001
< 7.3	577 (56.5)	450 (67.2)	127 (36.2)	1.298 (1.004-1.677)	< 0.001
HEAVEN criteria
Hypoxemia	414 (40.5)	158 (40.8)	256 (40.4)	1.019 (0.788-1.318)	0.887
Extremes of size	22 (2.2)	8 (2.1)	14 (2.2)	0.935 (0.389-2.249)	0.880
Anatomic abnormalities	35 (3.4)	0 (0)	35 (5.5)	0.095 (0.023-0.397)	< 0.001
Aspiration (vomit/blood/fluid)	219 (21.4)	119 (30.7)	100 (15.8)	2.371 (1.750-3.212)	< 0.001
Exsanguination	60 (5.9)	14 (3.6)	46 (7.3)	0.480 (0.260-0.885)	0.016
Neck mobility issues	17 (1.7)	7 (1.8)	10 (1.6)	1.149 (0.434-3.045)	0.779

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; AM: Ante meridiem; PM: Post meridiem.

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Citation: Waheed S, Ali S, Khan N, Raheem A, Kothari SA. Sex differences in serious outcomes among critically ill adults following endotracheal intubation. World J Crit Care Med 2026; 15(2): 115099
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3141/full/v15/i2/115099.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5492/wjccm.v15.i2.115099

Waheed S, Ali S, Khan N, Raheem A, Kothari SA. Sex differences in serious outcomes among critically ill adults following endotracheal intubation. World J Crit Care Med 2026; 15(2): 115099 [PMID: 42272880 DOI: 10.5492/wjccm.v15.i2.115099]

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