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World Journal of Critical Care Medicine
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2220-3141
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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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©Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2026.
World J Crit Care Med. Mar 9, 2026; 15(1): 114998
Published online Mar 9, 2026. doi: 10.5492/wjccm.v15.i1.114998
Table 1 Common biomarkers for acute kidney injury in traumatic brain injury
Biomarker
Specimen sample
Remarks
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalinPlasma and urine Released from damaged tubular epithelial cells
Kidney injury molecule 1Urine Transmembrane glycoprotein released from damaged tubular epithelial cells
Liver-type fatty acid-binding proteinPlasma and urine 14 kDa cytoplasmic transporter for free fatty acids in proximal tubular epithelial cells
Interleukin-18Urine Pro-inflammatory cytokine released from stressed proximal tubular epithelial cells
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2; insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (NephroCheck™)Urine Metalloproteinases released from stressed tubular epithelial cells during cell cycle arrest
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