Burden and impact of acute kidney injury in acute liver failure: A systematic review

Table 2 Study characteristics

Ref.	Home country	Study design	Length of data collection (years)	Number of centers	AKI criteria	Time frame of AKI assessment	Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria	Study location
Leithead et al[12]	United Kingdom	R	14	1	RIFLE	Hospital stay	ALF	MV, already on RRT	LTU
O’Riordan et al[13]	United Kingdom	R	8	1	AKIN	Hospital stay	Patients admitted to LITU with paracetamol poisoning	Liver transplant patients	LTU
Tujios et al[14]	United States	R	12	23	AKIN	Hospital stay	INR > 1.5, HE < 26 weeks of illness without liver disease	NA	NA
Urrunaga et al[15]	United States	R	10	Registry	Others	During the waitlisting period (median duration 3 days)	> 18 years ALF with status 1 or 1A for ALF transplant	NA	NA
Coelho et al[16]	Portugal	R	20	1	KDIGO	NA	18 years with ALF	CLD, CKD on RRT, RRT need before ICU	Gastroenterology, liver ICU
Hadem et al[17]	Germany	R	18	1	AKIN	Hospital stay	Hepatic encephalopathy with available renal function data	Overt sepsis	ICU
Cardoso et al[18]	United States	R	18	Registry	KDIGO	On day 1 of enrolment	> 18 years and ALF	< 3 days, follow up without renal function test on day 3, cirrhosis	NA
Imoto et al[19]	Japan	R	12	1	KDIGO	NA	ALF admitted to hospital	Malignancy, HIV	NA
Fidalgo et al[20]	Portugal	P	7	1	KDIGO	7 days of ICU stay	ALF/ALI > 16 years	NA	ICU

RIFLE: Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of kidney function, and End-stage kidney disease; AKIN: Acute Kidney Injury Network; KDIGO: Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes; ALF: Acute liver failure; ALI: Acute liver injury; AKI: Acute kidney injury; CLD: Chronic liver disease; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; RRT: Renal replacement therapy; NA: Not available; LTU: Liver transplant unit; ICU: Intensive care unit; R: Retrospective; P: Prospective; INR: International normalized ratio; HE: Hepatic encephalopathy; MV: Mechanical ventilation.