In-hospital vs out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the Arab Asian countries: A contemporary review of the literature

Table 3 Outcomes in studies comparing out of hospital cardiac arrest and in-hospital cardiac arrest in the Arab Asian studies, n (%)/mean ± SD/median (25^th-75^th percentiles)

Ref.	Type of study	Country	Population	Male:Female	Age	Cause of cardiac arrest	Type of initial rhythm	Type of CPR	Mortality	ROSC	STD 30 days or 1 year	Neurological outcome
Irfan et al[9], 2022	Retrospective	Qatar	OHCA (n = 410), IHCA (n = 199)	557:46	OHCA 33.0 (27-46). IHCA 33.5 (25-48.3)	OHCA, IHCA: Head injury (271, 120), spinal (28, 40), chest (40, 44), abdominal (67, 70)	OHCA Shockable: 12. IHCA Shockable: 15	Not mentioned	OHCA (n = 400, 97.6). IHCA (n = 184, 92.5)	NA	OHCA (n = 10, 2.4). IHCA (n = 15, 7.5)	NA
Elmelliti et al[51], 2023	Retrospective	Qatar	OHCA (n = 37), IHCA (n = 11)	36:12	41.88 ± 11.5	IHD 21, PE 6, others 21	Shockable: 16	Manual and ECPR	OHCA (n = 28, 75.7). IHCA (n = 10, 90.9)	NA	OHCA (n = 9, 24.3). IHCA (n = 1, 9.1)	NA
Shehatta et al[52], 2024	Retrospective	Qatar	OHCA (n = 25), IHCA (n = 62)	75:12	45.4 ± 11.9	Acute MI 52, Post cardiotomy 2, arrhythmia 3, HF 1, PE 7	Shockable: 27. Non-shockable: 61	Manual, ECPR, VA-ECMO	OHCA (n = 22, 88). IHCA (n = 43, 69.4)	NA	OHCA (n = 3, 12). IHCA (n = 19, 30.6)	Good neurological outcome for OHCA (n = 3, 12). IHCA (n = 19, 30.6)
Ait Hssain et al[13], 2025	Prospective	Qatar	OHCA (n = 281), IHCA (n = 273)	399:155	53.79 ± 16.24	Cardiac 383, non-cardiac 142, others 29	Shockable: 151	Manual	OHCA (n = 185, 65.8). IHCA (n = 171, 62.6)	NA	OHCA (n = 96, 34.2). IHCA (n = 102, 37.4)	Good neurological outcomes for OHCA (n = 36, 12.8), and IHCA (n = 42, 15.4)
Raffee et al[12], 2017	Retrospective	Jordan	OHCA (n = 79), IHCA (n = 257)	OHCA 51:28. IHCA 145:112	OHCA 59.50 ± 19.02. IHCA 63.36 ± 18.63	OHCA: IHD 3, MI 1, arrhythmia 1. IHCA: IHD 10, CHF 7, CVD 4, cancers 12	OHCA: Not mentioned. IHCA: Non-shockable 257	Manual	OHCA (n = 77, 97.03). IHCA (n = 219, 85.12)	NA	OHCA (n = 2, 2.97). IHCA (n = 38, 14.9)	NA
Alzahrani et al[53], 2019	Retrospective	KSA	OHCA (n = 15), IHCA (n = 414)	263:161	58.43 ± 18.02	Cardiac 88, non-cardiac 188, respiratory 102, sepsis 46	Shockable: 29. Non-shockable: 400	Not mentioned	OHCA (n = 9, 60.0). IHCA (n = 179, 43.2)	OHCA 8 (56.2). IHCA 235 (56.8)	NA	NA
Shirah et al[54], 2018	Retrospective	KSA	OHCA (n = 252), IHCA (n = 174)	287:139	64.0 ± 12.0	Not mentioned	OHCA Shockable: 0. Non-shockable: 252. IHCA Shockable: 52. Non-shockable: 120	Not mentioned	NA	NA	OHCA (n = 14, 5). IHCA (n = 52, 30)	NA

ROSC: Return of spontaneous circulation; STD: Survival to discharge; IHD: Ischemic heart disease; PE: Pulmonary embolism; MI: Myocardial infarction; CHF: Congestive heart failure; CVD: Cerebral vascular disease; IHCA: In-hospital cardiac arrest; OHCA: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest; NA: Not available.