Optic nerve sheath diameter trajectories and mortality in children with clinically relevant elevated intracranial pressure

Table 2 Risk factors associated with fatal outcome in children with clinically relevant raised intracranial pressure, n (%)/median (25^th-75^th percentiles)

Characteristics	Survivors (n = 53)	Non-survivors (n = 16)	P value
Age, (years)	6 (1.4-13)	4.5 (1-9.4)	0.50
Male patients	27 (51)	10 (62)	0.42
Traumatic brain injury	24 (45)	3 (19)	0.11
Cerebral infection	1 (2)	2 (13)	0.13
Septic shock	0 (0)	5 (31)	< 0.001
Hydrocephalus	5 (9)	0 (0)	0.58
Hepatic encephalopathy	0 (0)	3 (19)	0.01
Asphyxia due to drowning	2 (4)	1 (6)	0.55
Abnormal pupils	10 (19)	9 (56)	< 0.01
Abnormal posture	1 (2)	0 (0)	0.77
Seizure	18 (34)	5 (31)	0.99
Cushing triad syndrome	1 (2)	1 (6)	0.41
Glasgow Coma Scale
GCS on PICU admission	7 (7-7)	5 (3-7)	< 0.001
GCS at 24 hours	7 (7-7)	3 (3-4)	< 0.001
GCS at 48 hours	7 (7-8)	3 (3-3)	< 0.001
ONSD on right eyes, (mm)
ONSD on PICU admission	5.2 (4.9-5.5)	5.5 (5.1-5.6)	0.35
ONSD at 24 hours	5.1 (4.8-5.3)	5.6 (5.27-5.73)	0.03
ONSD at 48 hours	5.0 (4.63-5.2)	5.74 (5.24-5.8)	< 0.001
ONSD on left eyes, (mm)
ONSD on PICU admission	5.4 (5.0-5.6)	5.4 (5.18-5.6)	0.65
ONSD at 24 hours	5.3 (4.9-5.5)	5.55 (5.19-5.8)	0.09
ONSD at 48 hours	5.1 (4.7-5.3)	5.66 (5.39-5.84)	0.003
Vasoactive inotropic score (VIS)	10 (0-20)	60 (30-90)	< 0.001
VIS > 30	4 (8)	14 (88)	< 0.001
PELOD-2 score	4 (4-6)	12 (11-15)	< 0.001
Mannitol infusion	27 (51)	8 (50)	0.99
Hypertonic saline 3% infusion	52 (98)	15 (91)	0.41
Decompressive craniectomy	21 (40)	6 (38)	0.99
Ventriculoperitoneal shunt	4 (8)	1 (6)	0.57
Length of mechanical ventilation, (days)	4.2 (3.5-5.0)	3.3 (2.9-5.9)	0.77
Length of PICU stay, (days)	4.6 (3.9-5.6)	3.3 (2.9-5.9)	0.90

GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale; ONSD: Optic nerve sheath diameter; PELOD-2: Pediatric logistic organ dysfunction-2; PICU: Pediatric intensive care unit.