Palliative care in pulmonary hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 2 Risk of bias assessment

Retrospective/prospective cohort and qualitative studies
Ref.	Selection				Comparability	Outcome			Total	Risk
	Representativeness of the exposed cohort	Selection of the non-exposed cohort	Ascertainment of exposure	Demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at start of study	Comparability of cohorts on the basis of the design or analysis	Assessment of outcome	Adequate follow-up	Adequacy of follow-up cohort
Rohlfing et al[8], 2023	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	8	Low
Penha et al[11], 2015	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	6	Medium
Chen et al[12], 2013	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	8	Low
Chiu et al[13], 2015	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	6	Medium
Bobhate et al[14], 2021	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	6	Medium
Baruteau et al[15], 2012	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	6	Medium
Vonvisger et al[16], 2025	1	1	1	0	2	1	1	1	8	Low
Grady et al[17], 2016	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	6	Medium
Lancaster et al[18], 2021	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	6	Medium
Baruteau et al[19], 2015	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	6	Medium
Anand et al[24], 2020	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	5	High
Ivarsson et al[25], 2016	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	5	High
Hrustanovic-Kadic et al[26], 2021	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	6	Medium
Brown et al[27], 2023	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	5	High
Sandoval et al[29], 2021	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	6	Medium
Cross sectional studies
Study	Selection				Comparability		Outcome
	Sample representativeness	Sample size justified	Non-respondents described	Exposure measurement	Group comparability	Additional confounder	Outcome assessment	Statistical test	Total	Risk
Swetz et al[10], 2012	1	0	1	2	0	0	1	1	6	Medium
Brown et al[21], 2023	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	3	High
Tye et al[32], 2024	1	0	1	1	0	0	1		4	High
Fenstad et al[30], 2014	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	5	High