Acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with traumatic brain injury: A single-center retrospective cohort study

Table 2 Risk factors for acute kidney injury after traumatic brain injury, n (%)

Variable	Non-AKI group (n = 295)	AKI group (n = 36)	P value1
Shock in 24 hours			< 0.001
Yes	65 (22.03)	22 (61.11)
No	230 (77.97)	14 (38.89)
CT with contrast			0.068
Yes	229 (77.63)	23 (63.89)
No	66 (22.37)	13 (36.11)
Second CT with contrast			0.23
Yes	43 (14.58)	8 (22.22)
No	252 (85.42)	28 (77.78)
First neurosurgery			0.062
Yes	179 (60.68)	16 (44.44)
No	116 (39.32)	20 (55.56)
Type of first neurosurgery	Non-AKI group (n = 179)	AKI group (n = 16)	0.3
Major	113 (63.13)	8 (50)
Minor	66 (36.87)	8 (50)
Second neurosurgery			0.029
Yes	41 (13.9)	10 (27.78)
No	254 (86.1)	26 (72.22)
Type of second neurosurgery	Non-AKI group (n = 41)	AKI group (n = 10)	0.007
Major	38 (92.68)	6 (60)
Minor	3 (7.32)	4 (40)
Blood transfusion			0.016
Yes	22 (7.46)	7 (19.44)
No	273 (92.54)	29 (80.56)
ICP monitored			0.546
Yes	155 (52.54)	17 (47.22)
No	140 (47.46)	19 (52.78)
High ICP	Non-AKI group (n = 155)	AKI group (n = 17)	< 0.001
Yes	20 (12.9)	11 (64.71)
No	135 (87.1)	6 (35.29)
Rhabdomyolysis			< 0.001
Yes	29 (9.83)	12 (33.33)
No	266 (90.17)	24 (66.67)
Mannitol use			0.229
Yes	47 (15.93)	3 (8.33)
No	248 (84.07)	33 (91.67)
Diabetes insipidus			< 0.001
Yes	29 (9.83)	19 (52.78)
No	266 (90.17)	17 (47.22)

¹Pearson χ² test.

AKI: Acute kidney injury; CT: Computed tomography; ICP: Intracranial pressure.